On 5 January 1589, Catherine died at the age of sixty-nine, probably from pleurisy. Catherine de Medici, wife to one French king and mother to three more, died at Blois in 1589. To avoid questions about the baby's distinguishing birthmark, she gave the baby to Nostradamus' father. [75] A smoking arquebus was discovered in a window, but the culprit had made his escape from the rear of the building on a waiting horse. [74] The wedding took place on 18 August 1572 at Notre-Dame, Paris. [47] As a result, when Francis died on 5 December 1560, the Privy Council appointed Catherine as governor of France (gouvernante de France), with sweeping powers. In Banished, it is revealed that Diane was responsible for the deaths of Emone and Henrietta . When Clarice's husband, Lorenzo, was in Milan as the godfather of the Sforza Prince Gian Galeazzo II Maria, he wrote the following letter to her: I have arrived here safely and am quite well. His choice thwarted Catherine's plans for a political marriage to a foreign princess. Through the intervention of Doctor Jean Fernel, the royal couple went on to have 10 children. Three of her sons became kings of France, while two of her daughters married kings and one married a duke. When Henry II died in 1559 Catherine de Medici went on to rule France in the name of her sons for the next 3 decades, until her death in 1589. "[79] Historians have suggested that Catherine and her advisers expected a Huguenot uprising to avenge the attack on Coligny. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. He shouted at her, "Your words, Madam, have led us all to this butchery. In 1793, a revolutionary mob tossed her bones into a mass grave with those of the other kings and queens.[114]. [101] He went into hiding to fast and pray, surrounded by a bodyguard known as "the Forty-five", and left Catherine to sort out the mess. Within a month Louis de Bourbon, Prince of Cond, and Admiral Gaspard de Coligny had raised an army of 1,800. As the siege dragged on, voices called for Catherine to be killed and exposed naked and chained to the city walls. Many historians have blamed Catherine for the attack on Coligny. [8] King Francis wanted Catherine to be raised at the French court, but Pope Leo refused, claiming he wanted her to marry Ippolito de' Medici. Claude and Charles would go on to have nine children, of which seven would survive to adulthood. This lends some weight to the suggestion that people were labelled 'witches' simply because they did not act the way a woman would have been expected to act, or simply to suit personal or political agendas. Henry's reign also saw the rise of the Guise brothers, Charles, who became a cardinal, and Henry's boyhood friend Francis, who became Duke of Guise. Victoire was born safely but Joan did not want to come and Catherine began to weaken quickly. Claude was born on 12 November 1547, and she too suffered from childhood ailments, like her elder sister. Her merciful Edict of Amboise (March 1560) was followed in May by that of Romorantin, which distinguished heresy from sedition, thereby detaching faith from allegiance. The surgery removed part of the birthmark, but left Clarissa greatly disfigured due to the use of potions. Clarice Orsini (c. 1453 29 July 1487) was the daughter of Jacopo (Giacomo) Orsini (see Orsini family), lord of Monterotondo and Bracciano, and his wife and cousin Maddalena Orsini. Catherine was born in Florence to Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino, and Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne. [49], She summoned church leaders from both sides to attempt to solve their doctrinal differences. [50] Catherine failed because she saw the religious divide only in political terms. Catherine de' Medici's patronage of the arts, "Eglise Saint-Ferrol les Augustins | Marseille 13", "The long barren years of Catherine de Medicis: A gynaecologist's view of history", "The "infertility" of Catherine de Medici and its influence on 16th century France", "History's Black Widow: The Legend of Catherine de Medici", Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess of the Palatinate, Louise Marie Adlade de Bourbon-Penthivre, Princess Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily, Genealogical tables of the House of Medici, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catherine_de%27_Medici&oldid=1152284564, French people of the French Wars of Religion, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Italian-language text, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Caterina Maria Romula di Lorenzo de' Medici. Thus occupied, Catherine lived privately though she was appointed regent in 1552 during Henrys absence at the siege of Metz. [125], Catherine de' Medici's great love among the arts was architecture. [15] The city finally surrendered on 12 August 1530. She was left in the care of Nostradamus, who secretly brought her to the French court and allowed for her to live in the secret passageways of the castle, out of the sight of her family, who believed that she had died. Jeanne finally agreed to the marriage between her son and Margaret, so long as Henry could remain a Huguenot. She went on to bear Henry a further eight children, seven of whom survived infancy, including the future Charles IX (born 27 June 1550); the future Henry III (born 19 September 1551); and Francis, Duke of Anjou (born 18 March 1555) and Claude (born 12 November 1547). [10], Catherine was first cared for by her paternal grandmother, Alfonsina Orsini. WebHistorically, by Louis, she had two daughters, who were influential members of the royal household- there's no mention of a son like in the show, Sebastian . [26] Catherine quickly conceived again and on 2 April 1545 she bore a daughter, Elisabeth. She shared the same birthmark as her father, so Catherine had Nostradamus' father, a physician, attempt to remove the birthmark from Clarissa. They were usually dedicated to the ideal of peace in the realm and based on mythological themes. Catherine pressed Jeanne d'Albret to attend court. Catherine also made many visit in returns and Charles was said to be genuinely fond of his mother-in-law. She later did her best to efface or outdo Diane's building work there. Born: April 13, 1519, in Florence, Italy. [65] She told the Venetian ambassador in June 1568 that all one could expect from Huguenots was deceit, and she praised the Duke of Alba's reign of terror in the Netherlands, where Calvinists and rebels were put to death in the thousands. [115], Catherine believed in the humanist ideal of the learned Renaissance prince whose authority depended on letters as well as arms. WebThe marriage was not popular in France. Over the years, the two Queens were to maintain an energetic correspondence. However, she failed to fully grasp the theological issues that drove their movement. [44], In June 1560, Michel de l'Hpital was appointed Chancellor of France. Unlike his brothers, he came to the throne as a grown man. [124] Owing to its synthesis of dance, music, verse, and setting, the production of the Ballet Comique de la Reine in 1581 is regarded by scholars as the first authentic ballet. She travelled widely across the kingdom, enforcing his authority and trying to head off war. [38] The English ambassador reported a few days later that "the house of Guise ruleth and doth all about the French king". Knecht 1998, p. 8 (dates of death); Hritier 1963, p. 15 (cause of Madeleine's death). WebClarice Orsini (on the left) with her sister-in-law Bianca Maria de' Medici. The massacre lit the fuse that sparked the French Wars of Religion. The Spanish ambassador told Philip II that the abscess was about to burst.[103]. Biography Early Life She may have owed her change of fortune to the physician Jean Fernel, who may have noticed slight abnormalities in the couple's sexual organs and advised them how to solve the problem. Three of her sons were kings of France: Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III. Years later, Diane, daughter of Henry II and Philippa Duci, had Catherine's remains reinterred in the Saint-Denis basilica in Paris. Clarissa Delacroix(1539-1557) was the illegitimate daughter of Queen Catherine de Medici and the French noble Richard Delacroix. In 1585, Margaret abandoned her husband and was even imprisoned. In this cause, he recruited the great Catholic princes, nobles and prelates, signed the treaty of Joinville with Spain, and prepared to make war on the "heretics". 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[119] After Catherine's death, a decline in the quality of French portraiture set in. WebCatherine eventually gave birth to ten children, beginning in 1543. [17] Suitors, however, lined up for her hand, including James V of Scotland who sent the Duke of Albany to Clement to conclude a marriage in April and November 1530. However, he denied ever providing such advice. Francis II became king at the age of fifteen. On 24 June 1556, Catherine gave birth to twin daughters Joan and Victoire. "[112] She visited her old friend Cardinal de Bourbon on 1 January 1589 to tell him she was sure he would soon be freed. She was crowned in the Basilica of Saint-Denis on 10 June 1549. [24] According to the court chronicler Brantme, "many people advised the king and the Dauphin to repudiate her, since it was necessary to continue the line of France". Catherine de Medici was the daughter of Lorenzo di Piero de Medici, duca di Urbino, and Madeleine de La Tour dAuvergne, a Bourbon princess related to many of the French nobility. She shared the same birthmark as her father, so Catherine had Nostradamus' father, a physician, attempt to remove the birthmark from Clarissa. He depended on Catherine and her team of secretaries until the last few weeks of her life. Sebastian instead had Clarissa poisoned to fulfill Nostradamus' prophecy that Mary's arrival at the French court would cause Catherine's firstborn's death; Clarissa was technically Catherine's first child, and her death supposedly saved the sickly Prince Francis, the oldest legitimate child, from his own death. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. [148] Nevertheless, Catherine was never formally accused or prosecuted despite the fact that her reign experienced the greatest number of prosecutions for witchcraft in Italy. She therefore told him: "Since you rely on your forces, we will show you ours". In 1585, Margaret fled Navarre again. To create the necessary dramas, music, and scenic effects for these events, Catherine employed the leading artists and architects of the day. About 1538, at the age of 19, Henry had taken as his mistress the 38-year-old Diane de Poitiers,[27] whom he adored for the rest of his life. [117], An inventory drawn up at the Htel de la Reine after Catherine's death shows her to have been a keen collector. He sent the Duke of Alba to tell Catherine to scrap the Edict of Amboise and to find punitive solutions to the problem of heresy. Died in infancy. She was the only one of Catherines children to inherit her good health. In fact, a large population of Italiansbankers, silk-weavers, philosophers, musicians, and artists, including Leonardo da Vincihad emigrated to France to promote the burgeoning Renaissance. [134] The end of the Valois dynasty so soon after her death brought a change in priorities. Victoire and Jeanne were twin daughters born in 1556; Jeanne was stillborn due to surgeons breaking her legs to save her mother's life;[a] Victoire survived, dying less than two months later. Art historian Henri Zerner has called this monument "the last and most brilliant of the royal tombs of the Renaissance. "If Monsieur de Guise had perished sooner", she told the Venetian ambassador, "peace would have been achieved more quickly". "[95], Many leading Roman Catholics were appalled by Catherine's attempts to appease the Huguenots. Catherine adopted a moderate stance and spoke against the Guise persecutions, though she had no particular sympathy for the Huguenots, whose beliefs she never shared. The murder triggered an aristocratic blood feud that complicated the French civil wars for years to come. Catherine de Medici, also called Catherine de Mdicis, Italian Caterina de Medici, (born April 13, 1519, Florence [Italy]died January 5, 1589, Blois, France), queen consort of Henry II of France (reigned 154759) and subsequently regent of France (156074), who was one of the most influential personalities of the CatholicHuguenot wars. [3] In practice, her authority was limited by the effects of the civil wars. Henry was a prize catch for Catherine, who, despite her wealth, was of common origin. Others point to the Guise family or a Spanish-papal plot to end Coligny's influence on the king. At an early age, she was offered as a bride for her sisters widower King Philip II of Spain, but nothing came of that. On 15 June 1588, Henry duly signed the Act of Union, which gave in to all the League's latest demands. Margaret would later write that she trembled whenever she was summoned by her mother. She was left with a desire for revenge against her mother, saving Mary, Queen of Scots from Colin MacPhail when Catherine sent Colin to rape her in 1557; she then helped Colin in attempting to escape from prison by marking another prisoner for death in his stead. Thenceforth the problem of religion was one of power, public order, and administration. Catherine's daughter, Marguerite, was understandably not thrilled with a scheme that involved her mother seducing her husband by proxy. At the meeting of the Estates, Henry thanked Catherine for all she had done. As a Farnese he felt no obligation to keep Clement's promises, broke the alliance with Francis and refused to continue paying her huge dowry. Catherines dowry was considered too small and alliances between royalty and merchant families like the Medicis, however rich, were still unusual. "[111] Catherine's immediate reaction is not known; but on Christmas Day, she told a friar, "Oh, wretched man!
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