Contents Summary Function Playing in immunity Bioavailability Deficiency Aforementioned RDA Disease Prevention Cardio-vascular disease Cancer Print 2 diabetes mellitus Adverse pregnancy outcomes (PubMed), 150. 1998;147(12):1162-1174. Plasma vitamin C concentrations predict risk of incident stroke over 10 y in 20 649 participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer Norfolk prospective population study. Linus Pauling Institute Vitamin C | Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University / Vitamin C Myint PK, Luben RN, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT. 2002;56(1):53-56. 2013;65(6):1636-1642. Reports since 1991 indicate that the Pauling Therapy works as a cure by itself, but in theory, Pauling's protocol makes an ideal oral adjunct to EDTA Chelation therapy and other more conventional therapies for all forms of cardiovascular disease, except intra . Linus Pauling Heart Disease Prevention with Vitamin C Although the analysis adjusted for several lifestyle and known risk factors, the authors noted that other healthy behaviors and/or folate intake may have confounded the association. Administration of a 1-gram (g) vitamin C infusion one hour prior to the angioplasty reduced the concentrations of oxidative stress markers and improved microcirculatory perfusion compared to placebo (130). Ascorbate in pharmacologic concentrations selectively generates ascorbate radical and hydrogen peroxide in extracellular fluid in vivo. The results of this study also indicated that supplemental vitamin C may be helpful in the prevention of gout (119). Vitamin C is concentrated in the brain through a combination of active transport into brain tissue and retention via the blood-brain barrier (100). The information should not be used in place of a consultation with a competent health care or nutrition professional. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press; 2006:105-111. Asleh R, Levy AP. Clinically insignificant effect of supplemental vitamin C on serum urate in patients with gout: a pilot randomized controlled trial. (PubMed), 86. Gao P, Zhang H, Dinavahi R, et al. Lp(a) is a "sticky bandage" within coronary arteries that may induce blood clots when vitamin C/lysine blood levels are low (9). Studies in the 1970s and 1980s conducted by Linus Pauling, Ewan Cameron, and colleagues suggested that large doses of vitamin C (10 g/day infused intravenously for 10 days followed by at least 10 g/day orally indefinitely) were helpful in increasing the survival time and improving the quality of life of terminal cancer patients (158). Pocobelli G, Peters U, Kristal AR, White E. Use of supplements of multivitamins, vitamin C, and vitamin E in relation to mortality. Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a weakened blood vessel ruptures and bleeds into the surrounding brain tissue. Roswall N, Olsen A, Christensen J, Dragsted LO, Overvad K, Tjonneland A. Micronutrient intake and breast cancer characteristics among postmenopausal women. In spite of the variable association depending on source, these analyses indicate an overall inverse association between higher vitamin C intakes and CHD risk. 2005;24(4):269-276. The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for vitamin C is based on the amount of vitamin C intake necessary to maintain neutrophil vitamin C concentration with minimal urinary excretion of vitamin C and is proposed to provide sufficient antioxidant protection (Table 2) (35). Testimonials - paulingtherapyforheartdisease.com Linus Pauling's Vit C-Lysine-Proline protocol - Ward Dean, MD J Alzheimers Dis. Kitsantas P, Christopher KE. The effect of ascorbic acid ingestion on the biochemical and physicochemical risk factors associated with calcium oxalate kidney stone formation. Pauling Therapy: Short Version (PubMed), 197. Anitra C. Carr, Ph.D. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Arthritis Res Ther. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;20(2):210-223. PDF The natural cancer secret: The C6 Protocol - Dr. Micozzi In an observational study that included 1,387 men, higher intakes of vitamin C were associated with lower serum concentrations of uric acid (117). Collagen is the most abundant protein in the body. Am Heart J. However, none of these alleged adverse health effects have been confirmed in subsequent studies, and there is no reliable scientific evidence that doses of vitamin C up to 10 g/day in adults are toxic or detrimental to health. (PubMed), 162. The Vitamin C to Decrease the Effects of Smoking in Pregnancy on Infant Lung Function [VCSIP] study is an ongoing trial designed to confirm these preliminary observations using more accurate measurements of pulmonary function in a larger sample of women randomized to receive supplemental vitamin C or placebo (96). Antioxidants for Alzheimer disease: a randomized clinical trial with cerebrospinal fluid biomarker measures. (PubMed), 161. (PubMed), 111. Additionally, work by Linus Pauling Institute investigators has shown that cellular uptake of vitamin C declines with age, supporting the notion that vitamin C requirements are increased in the elderly. 2008;35(9):1853-1858. Biofactors. Increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when the heart muscle's oxygen supply is restored might be an important contributor to myocardial damage occurring at reperfusion (133). P R Health Sci J. Vitamin C intake from diary recordings and risk of breast cancer in the UK Dietary Cohort Consortium. There is a need for larger, longer-duration phase II clinical trials that test the efficacy of intravenous vitamin C in disease progression and overall survival (176). Does vitamin C deficiency affect cognitive development and function? Nutr J. 2008;66(5):237-249. Supplementation with vitamin C had no effect on the overall risk of cancer or on the risk of prostate, bladder, or pancreatic cancer; there was a marginal reduction in colorectal cancer incidence with vitamin C compared to placebo (82). (PubMed), 166. Linus Pauling Dosage Recommendations Pauling, two-time Nobel laureate and the world's foremost vitamin C proponent, entertained an overflow crowd in the Bldg. 2017;21(1):300. Trials. Ann Oncol. Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) is a potent reducing agent, meaning that it readily donates electrons to recipient molecules ( Figure 1 ). Retention in the body 1976;84B(5):280-284. No association between fruit, vegetables, antioxidant nutrients and risk of renal cell carcinoma. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. (PubMed), 62. Mann EA, Baun MM, Meininger JC, Wade CE. You may hyperlink to this website but must include the following statement: "This link leads to a website provided by the Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University. Since the antioxidants were taken together in this trial, the individual contribution of vitamin C cannot be determined. 22. Dosage is a key factor: low doses are ineffective. Sauberlich HE. A population-based, prospective study, the Iowa Womens Health Study, collected baseline data on diet and supplement use in 35,159 women (aged 55-69 years) and evaluated the risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) over 19 years of follow-up (80). Roswall N, Olsen A, Christensen J, Dragsted LO, Overvad K, Tjonneland A. Micronutrient intake and risk of urothelial carcinoma in a prospective Danish cohort. Int J Cancer. Ascorbic acid levels in the aqueous humor of nocturnal and diurnal mammals. Cabanillas F. Vitamin C and cancer: what can we conclude--1,609 patients and 33 years later? Although two intervention studies failed to show a reduction in stomach cancer incidence with vitamin C supplementation(35), some research suggests that vitamin C supplementation may be a useful addition to standard H. pylori eradication therapy in reducing the risk of gastric cancer (76). Ascorbyl palmitate is marketed as "vitamin C ester," which should not be confused with Ester-C (see above). (PubMed), 85. (PubMed), 59. Harris HR, Orsini N, Wolk A. Vitamin C and survival among women with breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. Age-related changes to the lens (thickening, loss of flexibility) and oxidative damage contribute to the formation of cataract, i.e., cloudiness or opacity in the lens that interferes with the clear focusing of images on the retina. Molecular Biology of the Cell. In order to overcome such limitations, some prospective studies measured plasma or serum concentrations of vitamin C as a more reliable index of vitamin C intake and biomarker of body vitamin C status. The measurement of brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is often used as a functional marker of endothelial function; FMD values are inversely correlated with the risk of future cardiovascular events (38). email:[emailprotected], Chlorophyll and Metallo-Chlorophyll Derivatives, Healthcare Professional Continuing Education. 1995;59(6):1519-1523. Chen Q, Espey MG, Sun AY, et al. Vitamin C supplements are available in many forms, but there is little scientific evidence that any one form is better absorbed or more effective than another. How to Live Longer and Feel Better. (PubMed), 69. Linus Pauling Institute Freeman; 1970. Because vitamin C can inactivate urease (an enzyme that facilitates H. pylori survival and colonization of the gastric mucosa at low pH) in vitro, vitamin C may be most effective as a prophylactic agent in those without achlorhydria(77, 78). (PubMed), 145. McEvoy CT, Schilling D, Clay N, et al. 2009;29(3):809-815. 2nd ed. As shown in Table 3, different fruit and vegetables vary in their vitamin C content, but five servings (2 cup-equivalents) of a variety of fruit and vegetables should average out to about 150 to 200 mg of vitamin C, especially if vitamin C-rich fruits are consumed. Stamp LK, Zhu X, Dalbeth N, Jordan S, Edwards NL, Taylor W. Serum urate as a soluble biomarker in chronic gout-evidence that serum urate fulfills the OMERACT validation criteria for soluble biomarkers. Gerontology. (PubMed), 167. By the late 1700s, the British navy was aware that scurvy could be cured by eating oranges or lemons, even though vitamin C would not be isolated until the early 1930s. (PubMed), 24. 2011;34(1):108-114. Lykkesfeldt J, Poulsen HE. (PubMed), 112. You may not copy, modify, distribute, display, transmit, perform, publish or sell any of the copyrightable material on this website. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is characterized by the buildup of plaque inside the arteries that supply blood to the heart (atherosclerosis). A secondary analysis of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in nearly 10,000 pregnant women found no reduction in the risk of preeclampsia with supplemental vitamin C (1,000 mg/day) and vitamin E (400 IU/day), regardless of womens smoking status during pregnancy. 2005;135(7):1673-1677. (PubMed), 189. Nutrients. New York: Macel Dekker, Inc.; 1997:309-322. Int J Clin Pract. Most multivitamin supplements provide at least 60 mg of vitamin C. Whether older adults have higher requirements for vitamin C is not yet known with certainty, yet some older populations have been found to have vitamin C intakes considerably below the RDA of 75 and 90 mg/day for women and men, respectively (207). Years later, Dr. Linus Pauling, two-time Nobel Prize winner, is ignored for reporting that large amounts of vitamin C and lysine are needed to prevent coronary attacks. Vitamin C | Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University Milei J, Forcada P, Fraga CG, et al. PLoS One. Naeini AM, Elmadfa I, Djazayery A, et al. Compared to standard-of-care, this intervention cocktail more than halved the mean duration of vasopressor use (18.3 h versus 54.9 h) and reduced the odds of mortality by nearly 90% (156). (PubMed), 121. Jane Higdon, Ph.D. Cell Death Dis. 2012;7(1):e29794. A three-year randomized controlled trial in 160 patients with documented coronary heart disease and low blood HDL concentrations found that a combination of simvastatin (Zocor) and niacin increased HDL concentration, inhibited the progression of coronary artery stenosis (narrowing), and decreased the frequency of cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarction and stroke(202). Stephen R, Utecht T. Scurvy identified in the emergency department: a case report. Four phase I clinical trials in patients with advanced cancer found that intravenous administration of vitamin C at doses up to 1.5 g/kg of body weight (equivalent to about 100 g/day for an average weight [70 kg] person) and 70 to 80 g/m2 was well tolerated and safe in pre-screened patients (167-170). (PubMed), 141. In addition to taking vitamin C to prevent atherosclerosis, Pauling recommended a combination of vitamin C and the amino acids lysine and proline to help remove existing plaque while strengthening weak and damaged arteries. (PubMed), 25. The mechanisms underlying differential sensitivity to vitamin C are under investigation. The lens of the eye focuses light, producing a clear, sharp image on the retina, a layer of tissue on the inside back wall of the eyeball. These products are all Lp (a) binding inhibitors. J Transl Med. Fowler AA, 3rd, Syed AA, Knowlson S, et al. Some (24, 191, 192), but not all (193-195), studies have reported that supplemental vitamin C increases urinary oxalate concentrations. 178. 1994;151(4):834-837. Vitamin C in health and disease. Evans RM, Currie L, Campbell A. Basili S, Tanzilli G, Mangieri E, et al. (PubMed), 159. A 2018 meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes found that most improvement in markers of oxidative stress and blood glucose control could be attributed to vitamin E(145). Does vitamin C act as a pro-oxidant under physiological conditions? Collins R, Peto R, Armitage J. Liability for individual actions or omissions based upon the contents of this site is expressly disclaimed. Overall, an inverse association between fruit and vegetable intake and risk of NHL was observed. Gillani SW, Sulaiman SAS, Abdul MIM, Baig MR. Twenty-five years. (PubMed), 116. The Doctor Game: Vitamin C, lysine can help curb heart attacks Science. 2017;58:66-77. Integr Cancer Ther. Two large prospective cohort studies assessed the relationship between dietary and supplemental vitamin C intakes and mortality. 2011;40(6):483-500. Depletion-repletion pharmacokinetic experiments demonstrated that plasma vitamin C concentration is tightly controlled by three primary mechanisms: intestinal absorption, tissue transport, and renal reabsorption (22). J Am Heart Assoc. There is little evidence that the flavonoids in most commercial preparations increase the bioavailability or efficacy of vitamin C (187). The role of increased oxidative stress in the occurrence of vascular complications in subjects with diabetes has led to hypothesis that higher intakes of antioxidant nutrients could help lower the risk of CVD in diabetic subjects (144). Linus Pauling's specific therapy for cardiovascular and heart diseases are high dosages of two essential nutrients; vitamin C and the amino acid lysine . Thomas LD, Elinder CG, Tiselius HG, Wolk A, Akesson A. Ascorbic acid supplements and kidney stone incidence among men: a prospective study. (PubMed), 174. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010;70(14):5749-5758. Nutrients. The potential effect of antioxidants during chemotherapy is not well understood, yet only likely to be an issue if a specific chemotherapeutic agent acts through an oxidative mechanism, which is uncommon (171). In adults, lead toxicity may result in kidney damage, high blood pressure, and anemia. This highlights the fact that limitations associated with dietary assessment methods such as food frequency questionnaires may be overcome by using biomarkers of nutrient intake (50, 51). (PubMed), 44. 2008;87(1):64-69. (PubMed), 113. Even in small amounts, vitamin C can protect indispensable molecules in the body, such as proteins, lipids (fats), carbohydrates, and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), from damage by free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are generated during normal metabolism, by active immune cells, and through exposure to toxins and pollutants (e.g., certain chemotherapy drugs and cigarette smoke). Front Oncol. Liu C, Russell RM. (PubMed), 29. 2004;80(6):1508-1520. A few observational studies in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy reported that complementary intravenous vitamin C treatment was associated with a reduction in treatment-associated side effects and an improved quality of life (171). Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials that have tested the effect of vitamin C supplementation (alone or in combination with other antioxidant nutrients) on cancer incidence or mortality have shown no effect (64). Ascorbate increases human oxaluria and kidney stone risk. Harding AH, Wareham NJ, Bingham SA, et al. 2018;20(2):145-166. Why is Collagen Important ? 2009;46(11):1558. I use it myself. (PubMed), 135. (PubMed), 187. The heart muscle may become oxygen-deprived (ischemic) as the result of myocardial infarction or with aortic clamping during coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Hypertension. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2008;105(32):11105-11109. Many prospective cohort studies have examined the relationship between vitamin C intake from diet and supplements and CHD risk, the results of which have been pooled and analyzed in two separate analyses (46, 47). Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is a transient narrowing of the airways that occurs after exercise and is indicated by a 10% decline in Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1). J Am Coll Nutr. (PubMed), 19. With respect to vitamin C and cerebrovascular disease, a prospective cohort study that followed more than 2,000 residents of a rural Japanese community for 20 years found that the risk of stroke in those with the highest serum concentrations of vitamin C was 29% lower than in those with the lowest serum concentrations of vitamin C (57). Cardiovasc Diabetol. Dietary factors and the risk of incident kidney stones in men: new insights after 14 years of follow-up. 2009;16(1):93-98. For example, potassiumfound at high levels in bananas, potatoes, and other fruit and vegetablesis known to be important in blood pressure regulation, and elevated blood pressure is a major risk factor for stroke (see the article on Potassium). Two large prospective cohort studies, one following 45,251 men for six years and the other following 85,557 women for 14 years, reported that consumption of 1,500 mg of vitamin C daily did not increase the risk of kidney stone formation compared to those consuming <250 mg daily (196, 197). Stroke. In vitro experiments performed using 11 different cancer cell lines demonstrated that sensitivity to vitamin C correlated with the expression of catalase, an enzyme involved in the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (172). Each of the cohort studies used self-administered food frequency questionnaires at baseline to assess vitamin C intake. The capacity of vitamin C to influence the methylation status of DNA and histones in mammalian cells supports a role for the vitamin in health and disease beyond what was previously understood, in particular by safeguarding genome integrity (3, 4). Symptoms of vitamin C deficiency, such as poor wound healing and lethargy, likely result from the impairment of these vitamin C-dependent enzymatic reactions leading to the insufficient synthesis of collagen, carnitine, and catecholamines (see Deficiency). 1994;42(5):276-278. 2014;3(2):45-54. How to do the Rath /Pauling Therapy - Heal Yourself At Home 2018;22(1):70. Specific measures of functions stimulated by vitamin C include cellular motility (10), chemotaxis(10, 11), and phagocytosis(11). (PubMed), 102. 1972;177(4043):65-68. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (PubMed), 134. Dietary beta-carotene, vitamin C and E intake and breast cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Pharmacol Rep. 2010;62(4):751-756. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012:248-260. (PubMed), 34. Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) is a potent reducing agent, meaning that it readily donates electrons to recipient molecules (Figure 1). Alexander J. Michels, Ph.D. The Physicians Health Study II was a randomized, placebo-controlled trial that examined the effect of vitamin E (400 IU/day), vitamin C (500 mg/day), and a multivitamin supplement on the risk of cancer in 14,641 middle-aged male physicians over 10.3 years (7.6 years of active treatment plus 2.8 years post-treatment follow-up) (82). Saag KG, Choi H. Epidemiology, risk factors, and lifestyle modifications for gout. Free Radic Biol Med. Eur J Clin Invest. A 2013 meta-analysis of 53 placebo-controlled trials evaluated the effect of vitamin C supplementation on the incidence, duration, or severity of the common cold when taken as a continuous daily supplement (43 trials) or as therapy upon onset of cold symptoms (10 trials) (178). Oregon State University, Updated in December 2004 by: Although observational studies suggested that supplemental vitamin C may be helpful to prevent incident and recurrent gout, this has not been demonstrated by intervention studies undertaken thus far. Zheng Selin J, Rautiainen S, Lindblad BE, Morgenstern R, Wolk A. High-dose supplements of vitamins C and E, low-dose multivitamins, and the risk of age-related cataract: a population-based prospective cohort study of men. Criteria and recommendations for vitamin C intake. Annu Rev Nutr. Cheng Y, Willett WC, Schwartz J, Sparrow D, Weiss S, Hu H. Relation of nutrition to bone lead and blood lead levels in middle-aged to elderly men. (PubMed), 154. Endothelial dysfunction is considered to be an early step in the development of atherosclerosis. Such a reduction falls within the range of assay variability and is unlikely to be clinically significant (121). Oregon State University, Updated in January 2006 by: Matsuzawa Y, Kwon TG, Lennon RJ, Lerman LO, Lerman A. Prognostic value of flow-mediated vasodilation in brachial artery and fingertip artery for cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med. (PubMed), 173. Moreover, several dioxygenases involved in the regulation of gene expression and the maintenance of genome integrity require vitamin C as a cofactor. 307 Linus Pauling Science Center
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