Which age group is most likely to live in poverty with a rate of 19.9% is one of the highest in the developed world? Weber sees the power to influence other people, even if they don't want to be influenced, as the third key dimension of social stratification. 22.1 What Have You Learned From This Book? The average life span of African Americans is up to five to six years shorter than that of White Americans. If physicians and shoe shiners made the same high income, would enough people decide to become physicians? Feelings of inferiority that racism and prejudice cause minority groups. Table 2.2 Theory Snapshot summarizes these three approaches. The social inequality that's caused by the unequaldistribution of those resources. Functional theory argues that the promise of very high incomes is necessary to encourage talented people to pursue important careers such as surgery. Social Stratification: Overview, Theories, and Examples - Study.com The functionalist view sounds very logical, but a few years after Davis and Moore published their theory, other sociologists pointed out some serious problems in their argument (Tumin, 1953; Wrong, 1959). Which theory of social stratification argues that class is no longer relevant to sociological analysis? SOC 101 Social Class and Stratification Notes.docx - SOC Underlying anger that oppressed groups feel but do not allow to surface. Poverty is discussed later in this chapter, but for now it is sufficient to say that the poor often lead lives of quiet desperation and must find many ways of coping with the fact of being poor. Over 90% of African Americans in this age group had completed high school or were still enrolled in school. Rank, M. R. (1994). According to the U.S. Census Bureau (2014, as cited in Sue & Sue, 2016), there are approximately _____ Latina/o Americans in the United States. It is neither necessary nor inevitable. If this is true, another implication is that if they do not move up the ladder, they lack the necessary merit. For Your Review (Be careful how you answer this one!). Sociologists trying to answer these questions have developed two very different macro explanations of stratification, while symbolic interactionists have examined the differences that stratification produces for everyday interaction. This keeps society running smoothly by providing structure. Upload unlimited documents and save them online. What are the five main theories of social stratification? The key goal of the ruling class here is to prevent the poor from achieving class consciousness, or an awareness of their oppression and the true reasons for it (Marx & Engels, 1947). (1972). 1 - The existence of hierarchy indicates that society is characterised by inequality. Debunking the big lie right-wingers use to justify black poverty and unemployment. In looking to explain poverty, sociologists have often tried to balance the relative importance of social structures (how society is organised) and the role of individual agency - people's independent . What is the name for a society where men are dominant? True or false? Which of the following may be problematic for traditionally oriented Arab Americans? What are they? The theory posits that social stratification represents the inherently unequal value of different work. She claimed that women are inherently disadvantaged because they have to give birth and raise their children - this weakens women and makes them dependent on men. Life chances are the opportunities that people have to improve their quality of life, based on their socioeconomic status. Define "social stratification". They argue that all functions and institutions are characterised by. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Certain tasks in society are more valuable than others (for example, doctors or lawyers). What do feminists consider as the basis for stratification in the society? Identify your study strength and weaknesses. There are many different types of stratification systems, including slave systems and class systems, the latter of which is much more common in contemporary Western societies like Britain. What has been found regarding African American adolescents/young adults (ages 16-24)? Feminists see society as being stratified by, . THE IMPORTANCE OF STRATIFICATION Social stratificationrefers to how individuals and groups are layered or ranked in society according to how many val-ued resources they possess. Second, this approach assumes that the system of stratification is fair and rational, and that the best people end up on top because of their superiority. Notes on Theories of Social Stratification - Unacademy Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. Contexts, 5(2), 1420. 9.6C: Explaining Poverty- The Sociological Debate is shared under a CC BY-SA license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. Which is a possible psychological reaction that might result from living in poverty? The name of this phenomenon is economic determinism. : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "9.04:_Social_Mobility" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "9.05:_The_Impacts_of_Social_Class" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "9.06:_Poverty" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, 9.6C: Explaining Poverty- The Sociological Debate, [ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbysa", "columns:two" ], https://socialsci.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fsocialsci.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FSociology%2FIntroduction_to_Sociology%2FSociology_(Boundless)%2F09%253A_Stratification_Inequality_and_Social_Class_in_the_U.S.%2F9.06%253A_Poverty%2F9.6C%253A_Explaining_Poverty-_The_Sociological_Debate, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), Discuss the critiques of structural-functionalist approaches to social stratification. Describe the assumptions of the functionalist and conflict views of stratification and of poverty. Someones" place within a system of social stratification is called their socioeconomic status. Many detailed, insightful sociological books on the lives of the urban and rural poor reflect the symbolic interactionist perspective (Anderson, 1999; C. M. Duncan, 2000; Liebow, 1993; Rank, 1994). For example, they are said to be impulsive and to live for the present rather than the future. Social stratificationtheories seek to explain how society and its various systems (e.g., econ-omy and government) push some Americans into poverty and notothers. Sociological perspectives on poverty | JRF These functions include the following: (1) poor people do the work that other people do not want to do; (2) the programs that help poor people provide a lot of jobs for the people employed by the programs; (3) the poor purchase goods, such as day-old bread and used clothing, that other people do not wish to purchase, and thus extend the economic value of these goods; and (4) the poor provide jobs for doctors, lawyers, teachers, and other professionals who may not be competent enough to be employed in positions catering to wealthier patients, clients, students, and so forth (Gans, 1972). Figure 8.2 Annual Family Income and Belief That Government Should Reduce Income Differences Between the Rich and Poor. Rethinking American poverty. True or false? While differentiation considers the difference in status between social groups, stratification looks at these same differences in relative terms, positioning them into a hierarchical system where some groups are higher or lower than others. Lewis, O. The conflict-theory approach offers a critique of structural-functionalism. According to symbolic interactionism, social class affects how people interact in everyday life and how they view certain aspects of the social world. Marxists see stratification as privileging the bourgeoisie and oppressing the proletariat. Mirza (1992) studied the experiences of black, female students in school. Stratification is necessary to induce people with special intelligence, knowledge, and skills to enter the most important occupations. 9.6C: Explaining Poverty- The Sociological Debate As a result, he displays masochistic attitudes and behaviors. As per Walby (1989), what are the six key structures as the root of a gender stratification system characterised by inequality? Retrieved from http://www.salon.com/2012/03/15/the_truth_about_the_poor/. 8.2A: Global Stratification and Inequality - Social Sci LibreTexts Sociological Differentiation & Stratification - A-Level Sociology Kerbo, H. R. (2009). 9.3 Explaining Global Stratification - Sociology Members of the upper class not only have power and control over their own lives, but their social status gives them power and control over others' lives. (2011, July 29). For inequalities to translate into a system of stratification, there need to be: Systematic inequalities operating between those groups, and. Elementary school teachers do a very important job in our society, but their salaries are much lower than those of sports agents, advertising executives, and many other people whose jobs are far less essential. Worlds apart: Why poverty persists in rural America. Conflict. Some national survey data support this assumption. They are different from you and me.. It strikes at the soul (Blow, 2011). For this reason, stratification is necessary and inevitable. Marxism is a conflict theory of social stratification based on the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. A major consideration in the feminist theory of stratification is whether: class stratification operates along gender lines (where men take up the top position within each class, but an upper-class woman has a higher status than a lower-class man), or. American Sociological Review, 18, 387393. The functionalist view further implies that if people are poor, it is because they do not have the ability to acquire the skills and knowledge necessary for the important, high-paying jobs. Postmodernism moves away from explaining differentiation and stratification solely in economic terms, framing their occurrence as a result of life choices instead of life chances. Conflict theorists argue that stratification is dysfunctional and harmful in society. First, it is difficult to compare the importance of many types of jobs. Rather, it examines the differences that stratification makes for peoples lifestyles and their interaction with other people. Give an example of early gendered socialisation. What other form of inequality did she study? The functionalist and conflict views focus broadly on social stratification but only indirectly on poverty. As this example suggests, many people might not choose to become brain surgeons unless considerable financial and other rewards awaited them. Chapter 25: Counseling Individuals Living in Poverty Test Questions Question 1 Question Type: Multiple Choice Question: According to social-class stratification theory, poverty is understood a. to be at the bottom-most rung in a hierarchical system of sociocultural power relations that goes beyond differences of income b. to be stratified and Want to create or adapt books like this? New York, NY: Columbia University Press. These problems include (a) racial, ethnic, gender, and age discrimination; (b) lack of good schooling and adequate health care; and (c) structural changes in the American economic system, such as the departure of manufacturing companies from American cities in the 1980s and 1990s that led to the loss of thousands of jobs. For example, many wealthy families pay low wages to nannies to care for their children, gardeners to tend to their yards, and maids to clean their homes. In this way, girls are taught to be more nurturing and gentle, while boys are taught to be more instrumental and hands-on. Code of the street: Decency, violence, and the moral life of the inner city. Stratification is a process whereby different groups are ranked differently in a given society. al., 2006). While different systems of classification have different ways of organising economic hierarchies, all are based on one's relationship to the means of production. Your client is likely experiencing classism According to the functionalist view, stratification is a necessary and inevitable consequence of the need to use the promise of financial reward to encourage talented people to pursue important jobs and careers. Sign up to highlight and take notes. 9.4 Theoretical Perspectives on Social Stratification The individualistic view attributes poverty to individual failings of poor people themselves, while the structural view attributes poverty to problems in the larger society. Why is stratification by social class considered theprimary system of stratification? Ultimately, this leads to the differentiation of gender roles, where women take up more nurturing responsibilities (like teaching) and men take up more instrumental responsibilities (this translates into them not being as involved with child-rearing as mothers). In this society, gender stratification is organised so that men typically have higher statuses than women. Status refers to a person's relative social position based on the honour or prestige that's attached to their occupation. In line with this view, functionalist theorists in sociology assume that stratification exists because it also serves important functions for society. Women are financially dependent on men because they can't work during late pregnancy, or their children's period of infancy. This ideology prompts many Americans to take a blaming-the-victim approach (see Chapter 1 Sociology and the Sociological Perspective) by blaming poverty on laziness and other problems in the poor rather than on discrimination and the lack of opportunity in society. The functional theory of stratification: Some neglected considerations. Stratification refers to the range of social classes that result from variations in socioeconomic status. Finally, the functionalist explanation might make sense up to a point, but it does not justify the extremes of wealth and poverty found in the United States and other nations. First, the critique asserts that it is difficult to determine the functional importance of any job, as a system of interdependence makes every position necessary to the functioning of society. Consistent with its micro orientation, symbolic interactionism tries to understand stratification and thus poverty by looking at peoples interaction and understandings in their daily lives.
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