Sand and mud shifted horizontally on beaches and. CategoryEarth + Atmospheric Sciences Best forHigh School + Middle School. Then drop, cover, and hold on, as objects may be thrown at you from the side. Medvedev, S.V. (Grades Nested under units are lessons (in purple) and hands-on activities (in blue). Felt by very few people; barely noticeable. The first is the Mw- 5.0 earthquake that occurred on the 8th October 2006 in the southern part of Thailand [9], whilst the second is the Mw 4.6 earthquake located at Chiang Mai province, northern Thailand [10]. Boore, D.M., Joyner, W.B. After that, on 5th May 1930, a Mw-7.3 earthquake occurred again in southern Myanmar, generating a maximum MMI level of IX. Alternative scales have been developed in both Japan and Europe for local conditions. the measurement of the maximum motion recorded by a seismograph. The areas of equal intensity, referred to as isoseismals, tend to form irregular bullseye patterns, with the center of the bulls eye, and the highest intensities, experienced at or near the earthquake epicenter. You may be wondering how "big" is that? Thus, the Mercalli scale describes how the earthquake affected a given location, and a range of Mercalli intensity values are assigned for the same earthquake, assuming it affected not just one area. III: Noticeable indoors, especially on upper Part three of our introduction to seismology series is an exercise about the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale which is used by seismologists to determine the magnitude and epicenter of earthquakes of the past. Twisting, fall of chimneys, factory stacks, monuments, towers, elevated tanks. Pendulum clocks may stop). Remember that for each unit increase in magnitude: So, for example, an earthquake with a magnitude of 7 releases over 1000 times more energy than a magnitude 5 earthquake. The one currently used in the United States is the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale developed in 1931. At each location assign WebThe Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale is commonly used in the United States by seismologists seeking information on the severity of earthquake effects. Modified Mercalli intensity VIII is roughly correlated with peak accelerations of about one-quarter that of gravity ( g = 9.8 metres, or 32.2 feet, per second squared) and ground velocities of From the result of this regression (Figure 2), it appears that there is a slight trend of MMI to be a linear function in relationship to the, which can represented by Equation (2) with a standard deviation of 0.33. where PGA is the peak ground acceleration (cm/s2) and MMI is the level of macroseismic intensity in terms of MMI scale. X. Trifunac, M.D. In the article below, you'll learn about the different measures of an earthquake: from the famous Richter scale to the currently used moment magnitude scale and Mercalli scale, which is an intensity scale describing the effects of the phenomenon. WebThe Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale. Do you agree with this alignment? Small objects are displaced or upset. Iowa City, IA: "Mild tremors were reported by residents of the upper floors of Camelot Apartment Village. Also, our tool is a safe bet if you want to compare different earthquakes and want to know how much stronger one earthquake is compared to another. The Mercalli Scale is based on observable earthquake damage. Then, on 3rd - 4th December 1930, two earthquakes of approximately the same magnitude (~Mw 7.3) in Pyu and Yangon, respectively, were reported [8]. Waves seen on ground. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, 42, 1-140. OFFICE OF RESEARCH Masks are expected for indoor activities. Other intensity scales are used in some countries. WebDownload scientific diagram | Simulated values of Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MMI) and PGV. Rails bent greatly. Atlanta, GA: "Cars in the Olympic parking lot were noted to sway slightly during last night's quake. This is a complete binder of activities for Grades K-6. to poorly built structures. However, today seismologists more commonly rely on what is Freeman, San Francisco, 768. It measures the effects of an earthquake at a given location, distinguished from the earthquake's inherent force or strength as measured by seismic magnitude scales (such as the "Mw" magnitude usually reported for an earthquake). Kramer, S.L. Global Significant Earthquake Database. Do you agree with this alignment? from publication: Damage Observations Following the Mw 7.8 2016 Kaikoura Understand the difference between the Richter Scale and the Mercalli Scale for rating earthquakes (a scale that uses instruments and a scale that uses human observation, respectively). 2015-04-22T00:00:00 -NOAA created the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) by merging Large landslides. xms6g&/&f2M%Wf? @q&E8@~! Microearthquakes, usually not felt. Wholesale destruction. The next six strongest Chilean earthquakes would be found in the top 30 most massive earthquakes by magnitude. Hold on to your shelter with one hand until the shaking stops. within the limits of the current state of the art, NOAA cannot assume liability for Total damage. Note that the scale is based on vibration experienced at a particular site. you can report your own experiences during an earthquake, so that Therefore, further work is required to check these PGA values carefully for consistency with those of the instrumentally recorded data. Understand why engineers develop rating scales for earthquakes. on the date and time of occurrence, latitude and longitude, focal depth, magnitude, WebThe Modified Mercalli intensity scale (MM,MMI, or MCS), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for Department of Mineral Resources (2006) Macroseismic investigation in Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailand. Seismological Research Letters, 68, 128-153. may shake. The Mercalli Scale was used earlier than the Richter Scale. This postcard shows the damage effect of different earthquakes Le Dain, A.Y., Tapponnier, P. and Molnar, P. (1984) Active faulting and tectonics of Burma and surrounding regions. Earthquake Formation: Crust, Plates, Currents, Drift and Faults, Testing Model Structures: Jell-O Earthquake in the Classroom, Tsunami Attack! Based on careful review, there are 10 isoseismal maps of earthquakes within the magnitude range of a 4.6 - 8.0 Richter scale that have been reported over the past 94 year period (1912-2006 AD) (Figure 1 and Table 1). If there were complete symmetry about the vertical through the earthquakes focus, isoseismals would be circles with the epicentre (the point at the surface of the Earth immediately above where the earthquake originated) as the centre. The intensity scale consists of a series of certain key responses such Tell students to label and illustrate the cover. Humans cannot eliminate the hazards but can take steps to reduce their impacts. Many factors affect surface ground motion, including topography and near-surface geology, especially soft surface sediments. Objects thrown into the air. ""Many residents ran into the street in panic during the severe shaking, though building damage was mostly restricted to a few cracked chimneys. From the isoseismal maps described above, the individual area of each MMI level was gridded with a spacing of 1 1 km to measure the source-to-site-distances that the seismic wave traveled and was attenuated over. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 11, 387-402. A good website to visit is: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/ngdc.html. Explain the Mercalli Scale on their own through drawing and writing. This It's actually a much broader term. ", 15. Here is a photograph of Giuseppe Mercalli, the inventor of Paducah, KY: "A number of old brick buildings collapsed during the quake, though most of the newer buildings survived with little damage. A new relationship between macroseismic intensity and engineering ground-motion parameter is contributed for the Myanmar region by comparing the MMI gathered from 10 isoseismal maps with the inferred PGA. Cairo, IL: "Most of the buildings in town suffered significant damage; several of the single-family homes were damaged when they slid off their foundations. }> Y'.a +*(Ezx.8 On this scale, intensities up to 5 are felt but cause no damage, while intensities from 6 to 12 cause increasing amounts of damage. Ask the students: With Words and Pictures: Have students write a sentence on the bottom of each page of their information booklet describing their illustration of the Mercalli Scale rating. The one currently used in The Mercalli Scale uses human observation to assess damage from an earthquake, while a Richter Scale uses instruments to measure how much force an earthquake produces, or the size of its waves. Act, 2015, Public Law 113-235. The Seismology Research Centre is a division of, Rarely felt, usually only on top floors of high buildings, Windows, dishes, doors rattle. Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute, Tokyo University, Tokyo, 469-482. Pittsburgh, PA: "Several reports of gentle shaking were received at police headquarters. Waves on ponds; water turbid with mud. ", 12. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 15 0 R 16 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Felt by nearly everyone. Natural Science Vol.4No.8A(2012), Article ID:21664,7 pages DOI:10.4236/ns.2012.428082, Relationship between Modified Mercalli Intensity and peak ground acceleration in Myanmar, Earthquake and Tectonic Geology Research Unit (EATGRU), Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Pailoplee.S@gmail.com, Received 27 June 2012; revised 25 July 2012; accepted 11 August 2012, Keywords: Isoseismal Map; Modified Mercalli Intensity; Peak Ground Acceleration; Myanmar. The 12-point Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale describes how an earthquake is felt and the damage that it Brown, J.C. (1914) The Burma earthquake of May 1912. This implies that the standard of building construction in Myanmar, in terms of withstanding earthquake hazards, is not high enough such that low ground motions contribute to a high degree of structure damage, particularly at higher levels of ground shaking. effects. The database provides information and Wenbin, S. (2010) Seismic hazard maps of Yangon and its surrounding areas. endobj Crawl under a sturdy table/desk if nearby. A modified Mercalli intensity scale is used to quantify the earthquake's effects. Suggest a house or building that has been damaged by an earthquake or a picture of the Earth shaking. Little damage in specially built structures. maximum MMI intensity, and socio-economic data such as the total number of casualties, Dishes, windows, doors disturbed. <>>> From Figure 2, it is revealed that the series of MMIPGA calibration vary in individual MMI range. Log In or Register. ", 9. Grey thin lines illustrate the earthquake faults based on Bender et al. If you're interested in the latest earthquakes in your region or only the most recent earthquakes (as they are happening all the time! Brainstorm with the students how they might illustrate one of the pages. ", 5. May not be recognized as an earthquake. This is a public event. 4 0 obj ;f:3+f*yZReIxRu3V>5?}k~&K7/E*y stream Log in or create an account to manage your custom schedule. Draw isoseismal lines (contour lines that connect areas of equal intensity) on the map to separate areas reporting one intensity from those reporting another. Play with the tool to contemplate and admire Mother Earth's natural strength, or scroll down to read about the most powerful earthquakes the world has ever seen. Kaka, S. and Atkinson, G. (2004) Relationships between instrumental intensity and ground motion parameters in eastern North America. Parts 1 & 2before tackling this challenge! Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology, 4, 425-435. Trees and poles may shake. The most probable position of the epicentre is often assumed to be at a point inside the area of highest intensity. In this study, all macroseismic intensity data are taken from previous publications of isoseismal maps ranked with respect to the MMI scale. Wholesale destruction. Students can research famous earthquakes on the Internet and discover the Mercalli Scale level for each one. Noticed by drivers of automobiles. Considerable damage to specially built structures, buildings shifted off foundations. catalogs, post-event reconnaissance reports, journal articles, newspapers, internet What Should I Do Before, During, and After an Earthquake? Felt by all; many are frightened and run outdoors. For further information visit http://pasadena.wr.usgs.gov/shake/. Comparison of MMI-PGA relationship determined from this study (thick black line) and the others proposed previously for different regions. Sometimes journalists confuse earthquake measures and throw Richter's name into the mix but that is incorrect, as Richter's scale has not been used since 1970 when seismologists Kanamori and Hanks developed a new measure. Considerable damage to poorly built structures. Doors swing, open, close. The correlation coefficient (R2) for the shown linear regression is 0.9681. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. xX\vEV^-dwO2V\0~lY0YjcP_GZs)Ehm^$YE_I WxuqU]`hN!pm\>(T[}`2_dSVt!D:,^NN`u! The Modified Mercalli intensity scale ( MM, MMI, or MCS ), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli 's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the intensity of shaking produced by an earthquake. Noticeable indoors, especially on upper floors. Single copies of this publication may be obtained Therefore, the seismic building code of Myanmar should be modified in order to reduce future hazards arising from earthquakes. Did you notice that 3 out of the 12 most powerful earthquakes were in Chile? Felt by many indoors, few outdoors. This method of obtaining data is not enough for the numerical analysis of seismic hazards and in particular is not sufficient for engineering purposes [3]. - 1979, Including Quantitative Casualties Based on the resultant MMI-PGA calibration, the obtained relationship appears as a function of. On 23rd May 1912, two earthquakes of a magnitude of Mw 8.0 devastated Myanmar. Subpages of this template. Class Discussion: As a class, have students engage in open discussion. These earthquakes generated MMI values in the range of II-VI levels that fulfill the macroseismic investigation for low MMI levels. Persons walk unsteadily. Some dishes, windows broken. ", 18. Difficult to stand. Wood and F. Neumann in the 1930s. Figure 3. Ft. Smith, AR: "Drinkers at the Moose Lodge complained of tainted liquor at the lodge bar, after a number of drinkers reported feeling a strong swaying sensation. To calculate the amount of released energy from an earthquake, we've implemented Gutenberg and Richter's equation in this earthquake calculator: The most powerful earthquake ever recorded happened in Chile in 1960. NOAA makes no warranty, expressed within type by subtype, then by grade, etc. Don't stop under bridges, overpasses, trees, or power lines. Information, NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database, Natural Hazards Map Viewer - Significant Earthquakes Layer, Information Pairs Check/Sharing with the Community: Have students share their booklets with a partner or the person next to them. This is a web site through which Felt by persons at rest, on upper floors, or otherwise favourably placed to sense tremors. Shabestari, K.T. In Hansen, R. J. 790 E. Kirkwood Avenue (Grade Feel free to visit the log calculator if you feel like you could use a refresher. 438483. What to do during an earthquake? Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 65, 139-162. Earthquake Intensity - Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale. or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. Htwe, Y.M.M. Hanging objects swing. Catalog of Significant Earthquakes 2000 B.C. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS), DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, Engineers work very hard to protect humans from the potentially dangerous force of earthquakes. ", 4. The Modified Mercalli intensity scale (MM, MMI, or MCS), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the intensity of shaking produced by an earthquake. The strongest earthquake ever recorded the one in Chile in 1960 was 8.6 on the Richter magnitude scale but had a moment magnitude of ~9.5. By studying the earthquakes' impacts, can students predict what the Mercalli Scale level would be for each one? Changes in flow or temperature of springs and wells. Waves seen on ground. Black stars are the locations of past earthquakes whereas the ground shaking intensities are illustrated in terms of gradual color of the MMI scale. In the ASN, standards are hierarchically structured: first by source; e.g., by state; within source by type; e.g., science or mathematics; These variations can be considerable, even over short distances. (Write the words on the board for them to copy.) Note that the effects on a particular area are highly dependent on the type of construction in the area. In an effort to gather more information about the earthquake, you have compiled newspaper accounts of the events from many sources. To protect people from the force of earthquakes, they continually improve the methods used to predict and rate (or score) earthquakes. WebThe scale used in New Zealand is a twelve step ranking, hence Modified Mercalli (MM), with 1 representing the weakest of shaking, through to 12 representing almost complete destruction. You may want to check this video from Pacific Tsunami Warning Center illustrating the incredible differences between different historical earthquakes. Also, by typing "1" into any field in the "Energy release equivalent" section, you can check what's the equivalent magnitude for a chosen energy release event for example, one Nagasaki bomb released the energy of a 6.1 magnitude earthquake! Cracks in wet ground and on steep slopes. Small slides and caving along. Louisville, KY: "The Captain's Restaurant reported $3000 damage due to broken china and glassware. However, because of the many unsymmetrical geologic factors influencing intensity, the curves are often far from circular. Financial support is acknowledged from the Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University through the Thai Government Stimulus Package 2 (TKK2555: PERFECTA); The National Research University Project of CHE; and the Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund (Project Code CC508B). It describes the damage left by an earthquake, not the actual force of the earthquake. Maximum intensity normally occurs near the earthquake epicentre, with intensity values then decreasing with distance. A modified version of his scale is still in use today. Pailoplee, S., Sugiyama, Y. and Charusiri, P. (2009) Deterministic and probabilistic seismic hazard analyses in Thailand and adjacent areas using active fault data. WebA new 3-D earthquake simulator with a vibrating platform approximately 7 by 4 meters, has recently been. (1988) Intensity-related earthquake ground motion. Some damage to reinforced masonry; none to reinforced masonry designed to resist lateral forces. After that, each MMI value was plotted against the corresponding calculated PGA, as shown in Figure 2. Trees and poles WebModified Mercalli Intensity Scale CREDIT: Northern Illinois University Earthquake magnitude measures the strength of an earthquake, or the amount of energy that is released. (2) where PGA is the peak ground acceleration (cm/s 2) and MMI is the level of macroseismic intensity in terms of MMI scale. Felt by almost everyone, some people awakened. The Modified Mercalli Intensity value assigned to a specific site after an earthquake has a more meaningful measure of severity to the nonscientist than the magnitude because intensity refers to the effects actually experienced at that place. The Rossi-Forel scale is relatively old, has values from 1 to 10, and is still used in some countries. Common Alerting Protocol WebFrom the result of this regression ( Figure 2 ), it appears that there is a slight trend of MMI to be a linear function in relationship to the, which can represented by Equation (2) with a standard deviation of 0.33. Some walls collapse. A Modified Mercalli Intensity of six is abbreviated as MMI 6. Teachers Association. . Rails bent slightly, Near total damage. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 94, 1728-1736. failure of the data to function on a particular system. III. This study, therefore, used the PGA to calibrate with the obtained macroseismic intensity data. The class could even draw one level of the scale at a time together. Little Rock, AR: "Residents of the Holiday Inn noted that the water sloshed out of the swimming pool during the quake. The descriptions below are a simplified version of the New Zealand Modified Mercalli Intensity scale. Let's start with a disclaimer, which for some may be obvious: the Richter scale is not widely used anymore, but it still happens to be mentioned erroneously in the news from time to time. Besides the Sumatra-Andaman Subduction Zone in the western part, Myanmar also has own great strike-slip active faults called the Sagiang Fault Zone [2]. The Significant Earthquake Database is a global listing of over 5,700 earthquakes Cite as: National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS z/76 E1(S=C50R6*C?dzy}5n`u%]|QJ. Water thrown on banks of canals, rivers, lakes, and so on. Gebrder Borntr- ger, Berlin. Wide cracks in Use of the TeachEngineering digital library and this website constitutes acceptance of our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. The European (MSK) scale of 12 grades is similar to the abridged version of the Mercalli. exist. Isolated damage, Difficult to stand. Even sports teams have different levels to make sure that teams with the same ability play each other. Lines of sight and level distorted. These range from imperceptible shaking to catastrophic There are two commonly-used ways of rating earthquakes: 1) the Richter scale and 2) the Mercalli Scale. Ground cracked noticeably. Trees shake. It is influenced by the amount of kinetic energy released, the Note that not all lessons and activities will exist under a unit, and instead may exist as "standalone" curriculum. The effect of an earthquake on the Earth's surface is referred Vibrations are similar to those caused by the passing of light trucks. Please understand that by attending and participating you are granting IU permission to use your image in photographs and videos to promote Science Fest and other outreach activities in the future. be found on pg. Has anyone ever heard of the Mercalli scale? fz9TqUU*W#&8| ^17'tJ@1J-aNWjz0 `&n-SK3W Iw{8 /. Thanks to this earthquake calculator, you can: Check the approximate energy release of an earthquake in energy release equivalents (such as tons of TNT, atomic bomb energies, and volcanic eruptions). WebThe most widely used scale is the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MMI scale). Some walls collapse. Apart from the fact the scale was intended to be for a specific area only, seismographs from that period weren't as sensitive as they are today they could measure only certain frequencies, meaning that low frequencies were lost, and large earthquakes were underestimated. How Do Scientists Predict Tsunamis After Earthquakes? The different symbols used in Figure 2 distinguish the MMI-PGA data obtained from individual isoseismal maps. Empirical relationships between the macroseismic intensity and the groundmotion parameters (peak ground acceleration [PGA], peak ground velocity [PGV]) for western China are derived in this study. evaluating historic earthquakes, where written records ", 17. It occurred in the afternoon, lasted for 10 minutes, and caused tsunamis that affected southern Chile, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, New Zealand, Australia, and the Aleutian Islands. This scale is composed of 12 increasing levels of intensity based Some well-built wooden structures and bridges destroyed. From a scientific standpoint, the magnitude scale is based on seismic records while the Mercalli is based on observable data which can be subjective. to Present (1979). Numerous intensity scales have been developed over the last several hundred years. Thereafter, the obtained mean PGA is plotted against the MMI. Read the newspaper reports for each city and assign Mercalli intensity values to each of the reporting areas based on the classifications in Table 1 above. Both of these were generated by the Ranong [9] and Mae Tha [11] Fault Zones, which represent the MMI characteristics in the southern and eastern part of Myanmar, respectively. Official websites use .gov Japan, however, is the country where we detect the most earthquakes (because of its dense seismic grid). Richter, C.F. The magnitude (size) of an earthquake is based on ), Seismic Design for Nuclear Power Plants. The contents of this digital library curriculum were developed under a grant from the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education (FIPSE), U.S. Department of Education, and National Science Foundation GK-12 grant no. Modified Mercalli scale of earthquake intensity, Observation and interpretation of precursory phenomena, Exploration of the Earths interior with seismic waves, 6 of the Worlds Deadliest Natural Disasters. Quality, Department Check out the antipode calculator to learn more! In this activity, students learn about the Richter Scale for measuring earthquakes and make a booklet with drawings that represent each rating of the Richter Scale. Wholesale destruction. Slight to moderate damage in well-built, ordinary structures. Evansville, IN: "The smokestack of the Sterling Brewery collapsed in downtown Evansville.
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