Separated from bases and food and feedstuffs. WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER. 0000006190 00000 n The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. Refer immediately for medical attention. It is highly toxic to fish and honeybees and moderately toxic to most Transportation [15] Central nervous system stimulation ranging from dizziness to seizures, has also been reported; however, serious effects, like seizures, have almost always resulted from oral ingestion or misuse of medication (e.g., repeated treatments or prolonged applications). WebLindane is a persistent organic pollutant: it is relatively long-lived in the environment, it is transported long distances by natural processes like global distillation, and it can WebLindane is considered to be highly toxic to aquatic organisms, and moderately toxic to birds and mammals. Previous work showed that Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 degrades lindane and that, in the presence of the pesticide, [1] In the 1940s and 1950s lindane producers stockpiled these isomers in open heaps, which led to ground and water contamination. This article is based in part on the public domain US government document at FDA.gov. Gyceril PABA. Refer for medical attention . WebLindane, a lipophilic pollutant, may be toxic to organisms. For example, warfarin is used as a rodenticide to poison mice and rats (e.g., Kaput, D-Con) but is also formulated for medical use as an oral anticoagulant or "blood thinner" to treat patients with heart attacks, strokes and other clot-related disorders (e.g., Coumadin). Risk of fire and explosion if formulations contain flammable/explosive solvents. Hepatic cytochrome P-450 oxygenase system. Reacts with bases. First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention. Lindane is the main insecticide produced in China. A wide range of pollutionfrom plastic pollution to light pollutionaffects marine ecosystems. With an accout for my.chemeurope.com you can always see everything at a glance and you can configure your own website and individual newsletter. Over time, lindane is broken down in soil, sediment and water into less harmful substances by algae, fungi and bacteria; however, the process is relatively slow and dependent on ambient environmental conditions. Microsoft Internet Explorer 6.0 does not support some functions on Chemie.DE. This substance does enter the environment under normal use. hYio+QB L` EDl+b?5 %U`{W5=;" C*LOu3],5K1v)v..%S]*&dc?>|]^+}.{|xu}>_]_og|Sn6?8WagnsyY~9,6lY|y /7buvx|~\^sgd_ yr|t1g/7o_7:E}stm"(:KjuygEwq^|_]. In the U.S., lindane medications are exclusively manufactured and distributed by Morton Grove Pharmaceuticals, Inc. The mark must be visible from the direction it faces. Find out how LUMITOS supports you with online marketing. Great care, however, should be taken to avoid any additional release, for example through inappropriate disposal. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Lindane is a neurotoxin that interferes with GABA neurotransmitter function by interacting with the GABAA receptor-chloride channel complex at the picrotoxin binding site. 0000003484 00000 n (3) Except for transportation by vessel, on a bulk packaging, freight container or transport vehicle that bears a label or placard specified in subparts E or F of this part. Web4-methylbenzylidene camphor. %PDF-1.4 % In 1987, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified lindane as a possible human carcinogen. Depending on the degree of exposure, periodic medical examination is suggested. Physical State; Appearance [23] However, more recent evaluations by subject matter experts do not support this rating. Rest. Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and particulates adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance, chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus and protective gloves. 0000001686 00000 n Medical observation is indicated. Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur along the food chain, for example in fish and seafood. Sweep spilled substance into sealable non-metallic containers. Not combustible. Wash hands before eating. Lindane in soil can leach to surface and even ground water and can bioaccumulate in the food chain. The width of the border forming the square-on-point marking must be at least 2 mm. This article wants to briefly summarise the Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. At the same time, a boxed warning was added to the prescription label to highlight to healthcare providers appropriate use criteria and rare treatment risks. Well closed. WebSurface waters near industrialized and agricultural areas are contaminated with hundreds of different pollutants from a variety of sources. 89 0 obj <>stream 0000004014 00000 n This requirement may be met by the marking displayed on a freight container or portable tank loaded on a motor vehicle or rail car. During this time, the vast majority of lindane usemore than 99%has been for agricultural purposes and much of the safety and environmental concerns have related to this application. Molecular mass: 290.8 [7][11][12] [16] (see also Pharmaceutical Uses) Indeed, most of the adverse human health effects reported for lindane have related to agricultural uses and chronic, occupational exposure of seed treatment workers to agricultural-grade lindane. Current as of October 03, 2022 | Updated by FindLaw Staff. Refer for medical attention. 0000047710 00000 n As noted by the U.S. District Court, the case pleads that [d]efendants swap agricultural and pharmaceutical research selectively quoting and/or misstating findings from studies relating to the agricultural use of lindane, and widely disseminate false, misleading, and defamatory statements about the safety profile and effectiveness of lindane.[34] On June 18, 2007, Judge Elaine Bucklo issued a written decision denying defendants motion to dismiss and further held that Morton Grove had properly pled a case suitable for trial on the following counts: defamation, false advertising under the Federal Lanham Act, trade disparagement and violation of the Illinois Uniform Deceptive Trade Practice Act. Dizziness. [15], The current FDA-approved product labeling emphasizes that lindane medications are contraindicated for use in premature infants and individuals with known uncontrolled seizure disorders and should be used with caution in infants, children, the elderly, and individuals with other skin conditions (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis) and in those who weigh less than 110 lbs (50 kg) as they may be at risk of serious neurotoxicity. The mark may be displayed in black lettering on a square-on-point configuration having the same outside dimensions as a placard; or. Symbol (fish and tree): Black on white or suitable contrasting background. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system. Fish, marine mammals and birds in the region are exposed to environmental pollutants, increasing the stress of the marine ecosystem. Cyanobacteria are able to tolerate, and even metabolize, moderate doses of organochlorine pesticides, such as lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane), one of the most persistent and widely used in recent decades. Wear face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection. The direct causes of death for the other cases were attributed to reasons other than lindane. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (e-CFR), Subtitle B - Other Regulations Relating to Transportation, CHAPTER I - PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, SUBCHAPTER C - HAZARDOUS MATERIALS REGULATIONS, PART 172 - HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TABLE, SPECIAL PROVISIONS, HAZARDOUS MATERIALS COMMUNICATIONS, EMERGENCY RESPONSE INFORMATION, TRAINING REQUIREMENTS, AND SECURITY PLANS. [29] Modern manufacturing standards for lindane involve the treatment and conversion of waste isomers to less toxic industrial chemicals, a process known as cracking.[26][29] Today, only a few production plants remain active worldwide to accommodate public health uses of lindane and declining agricultural needs. Air quality and pollution has gotten worse in Colorado. The companys promotion agreement with Alliant Pharmaceuticals, which commenced in 2005, was terminated May 2007. Sore throat. Air quality and pollution has gotten worse in Colorado. Liquid formulations containing organic solvents may be flammable. The substance may have effects on the nervous system, bone marrow and liver. Code of Federal Regulations Title 49. [4] There is a bill in the New York State Assembly and Senate to ban its use in head lice products and limit its use on scabies, which had not passed as of September 2007. [10] (see also Pharmaceutical Uses) Other countries, like Canada, similarly approve of pharmaceutical applications for lindane but no longer permit its broader use agriculturally. 1997-2023 LUMITOS AG, All rights reserved, https://www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/Lindane.html, Your browser is not current. Transportation 49.172.101List of Marine Pollutants. WebIn the case of marine pollutants also meeting the criteria for inclusion in another hazard class, all provisions of this subchapter relevant to any additional hazards continue to Remove contaminated clothes. Web( d) The MARINE POLLUTANT mark is not required ( 1) On single packagings or combination packagings where each single package or each inner packaging of combination packagings has: ( i) A net quantity of 5 L (1.3 gallons) or less for liquids; or ( ii) A net For example, a meta-analysis of studies looking at the association between occupational exposure to agricultural lindane and non-Hodgkins lymphona among U.S. farmers found that lindane was not a primary factor in the development of the disease. Studies of the carcinogenic effects of lindane have been inconclusive and often limited by study design; however, no major carcinogenic effects have been noted in human trials to date. The EPA has approved the use of lindane stockpiles through 2009. This produces toxic and corrosive fumes including chlorine (see ICSC 0126), hydrogen chloride (see ICSC 0163) and phosgene (see ICSC 0007). Effects of long-term or repeated exposure [6] Mexico has committed to a structured, voluntary phase out of lindane through the North American Regional Action Plan (NARAP) but currently authorizes agricultural, veterinary and healthcare uses. [11][12] Both medications contain only the gamma-HCH isomer, and are available as prescription-only medications. This study investigates acute toxicity and histological effects of Lindane insecticide on intestinal tissues of immature grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). [6] Most exposure of the general population to lindane results from agricultural uses and the intake of contaminated foods, such as produce, meats and milk. (Note: These events represent the most common reported to the FDA and do not represent the most common events associated with the use of lindane lotion and lindane shampoo overall). Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Ethyl-4-aminobenzoate. WebThe MARINE POLLUTANT mark must conform to the following: (1) Except for size, the MARINE POLLUTANT mark must appear as follows: Symbol (fish and tree): Black on For materials described using UN3077, Environmentally hazardous substance, solid, n.o.s. and UN3082, Environmentally hazardous substance, liquid, n.o.s., see 172.102(c)(1), special provision 441 for additional provisions; and. %PDF-1.6 % (a) For vessel transportation of each non-bulk packaging that contains a marine pollutant -, (1) For a proper shipping name used to describe a hazardous material that is a marine pollutant and assigned the letter G in column (1) of the 172.101 hazardous materials table or that contains the text n.o.s., the name of the component which makes the material a marine pollutant must be marked on the package in parentheses in association with the marked proper shipping name unless the proper shipping name identifies by name the component which makes the material a marine pollutant. Convulsions. Animal tests show that this substance possibly causes toxicity to human reproduction or development. (4) On a package of limited quantity material marked in accordance with 172.315 of this part. The International HCH and Pesticide Forum has since been established to bring together experts to address the clean-up and containment of these sites. Lindane (Persistant Organic Pollutant) in the EU, Best Practices of De-Contamination Exchanged. Chemical dangers It also notes that careful consideration should be given before prescribing lindane medications to patients with conditions that may increase the risk of seizure, such as HIV infection, history of head trauma or a prior seizure, CNS tumor, the presence of severe hepatic cirrhosis, excessive use of alcohol, abrupt withdrawal from alcohol or sedatives, as well as concomitant use of medications known to lower seizure threshold. [24] The Joint Committee on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) of The World Health Organization and Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations similarly concluded in 2004 that In the absence of genotoxicity and on the basis of the weight of the evidence from the studies of carcinogenicity, JMPR has concluded that lindane is not likely to pose a carcinogenic risk to humans.[21], The production and use of lindane in agricultural (both of which have declined significantly in the last 20 years) are the primary causes of environmental contamination,[25] and levels of lindane in the environment have waned in the U.S. from 1986 through 2003, consistent with decreasing agricultural usage patterns. <<77808EBE95D8C749B7A9AFF580CD8412>]>> Fresh air, rest. 0000003791 00000 n 0000003168 00000 n A marking in conformance with the requirements of this paragraph in effect on December 31, 2014, may continue to be used until December 31, 2016. Decomposes on heating and on burning. [1] In 2003, the EPA reported on the results of large-scale water contaminant testing of 16,000 water systems serving 100 million people across the U.S. and found that none contained lindane levels above the maximum contaminant level standard considered safe. 0000001244 00000 n Diarrhoea. (2) Be marked on each end and each side with the MARINE POLLUTANT mark if the packaging has a capacity of 3,785 L (1,000 gallons) or more. 0000002858 00000 n However, Morton Grove presented new facts supporting its case for jurisdiction in Illinois and the Court held that Morton Grove's "Second Amended Complaint would provide specific jurisdiction over the Center and Weil." WebThe concentration addition model was applied to determine whether toxicity of two compounds, phenanthrene (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) and lindane 0000001466 00000 n [7] These infectious diseases, two of which are sexually transmitted, affect tens of millions of Americans and hundreds of millions of people worldwide every year. For these purposes, 105 fish were exposed to different concentrations of Lindane for 96 h in 5 groups with 3 replications. [18] (see also Agricultural vs. Healthcare Applications) In humans, lindane primarily affects the nervous system, liver and kidneys, and may be a carcinogen and/or endocrine disruptor.[1][2]. [5] However, in 2006, the Agency published an addendum to its initial decision and called for the voluntary cancellation of all agricultural uses by registered manufacturers (effective July 2007), citing a significant change in the costs and benefits of agricultural uses due to the recent introduction of seed-treatment alternatives to lindane. [30][31]The US FDA continues to maintain that lindane medications have necessary health benefits that outweigh potential risks and should remain available for patients with head lice, scabies and pubic lice (crabs) who have few treatment alternatives. [4][25] The latter includes the U.S. and Canada, which support public health uses of pharmaceutical lindane but no longer allow agricultural applications. 0000005726 00000 n xb```"cV @16$!Lvr p'wO'w6%nY38rg?&')(Iq^ YNH(Hinthr;.5. Carefully collect remainder. Cough. [7], In 1995, lindane medications were designated second-line and are now reserved for patients who are unable to tolerate or have failed first-line treatmentsa growing problem in the U.S. and elsewhere due to increased rates of resistance. Lindane (-BHC) is an organochlorine insecticide that is classified as a persistent organic pollutant (POP), and serious health problems can arise after (June 8, 2007 order). The most common side effects are nonserious reactions of the skin (e.g., burning, itching, dryness and rash). Where dimensions are not specified, all features shall be in approximate proportion to those shown. To use all functions of this page, please activate cookies in your browser. [11][12], While adverse reactions can occur with use of low-dose topical pharmaceutical formulations, serious effects are rare and have most often resulted from the misuse of medication. The mark must be visible from the direction it faces. This may result in convulsions. In 2006, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) called for the voluntary cancellation of all agricultural uses of lindane, limited in recent years to pre-planting seed treatments. [7] [17] When used properly, lindane medications are safe and effective for the diseases they are approved. In 2001, the Environmental Protection Agencys Cancer Assessment Review Committee for lindane downgraded the carcinogenic classification of lindane from possible to suggestive evidence, concluding that the data did not support the need for further study of the carcinogenic risks in humans. 104 22 0000050404 00000 n WebLindane has been listed as a pollutant of concern to EPA's Great Waters Program due to its persistence in the environment, potential to bioaccumulate, and toxicity to humans WebLindane Can Be Toxic to Humans Lindane, also known as g-hexachlorocyclohexane (g-HCH), is commonly used in shampoos and other topical treatments for head lice and 0000000016 00000 n WebLindane is considered to be highly toxic to aquatic organisms, and moderately toxic to birds and mammals. People who are occupationally exposed to it are advised to avoid its In 2003, the FDA published a safety analysis of adverse events reported in association with the use of lindane medications received through its adverse event monitoring system (AERS database) between from 1974 through 2002. [1] Alpha- and beta-HCH were used agriculturally in the U.S. in the form of technical-grade HCH until 1976 and are also produced as manufacturing by-products but are void of insecticidal properties and have little to no use. [1][19] The most common side effects with topical use of lindane medications are nonserious reactions of the skin, including burning, itching, dryness and rash. [32][33] In the U.S., petitions to ban the use of pharmaceutical lindane have been rejected by the FDA and determined to be without merit by experts working with this regulatory agency. The mark must appear on each side and each end of the transport vehicle or freight container, and must be visible from the direction it faces. Samples of intestinal tissues were prepared in both control UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III, Prepared by an international group of experts on behalf of ILO and WHO, [18], Canadas Pest Management Regulatory Agency phased out of all agricultural uses of lindane between 2000 and 2005 due to concerns of chronic occupational exposure and risks to workers during seed treatment and planting. FDA-approved for the second-line treatment of scabies, pubic lice (crabs) and head lice. A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed. (e) MARINE POLLUTANT mark. In addition, there were 46 hospitalizations, and seven life-threatening outcomesfive from the same household. To explore the toxic effects of lindane and the underlying mechanisms of this toxicity, the animal model Caenorhabditis [34], In response to Morton Grove's complaint, the Ecology Center defendants moved to dismiss the case based on an alleged lack of personal jurisdiction. 0000000736 00000 n [4][5] This is not unlike other medications where the active ingredient has other non-healthcare applications. In the 1940s, lindane was registered with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and in 1951 it was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for medical use in the treatment of scabies, head lice and pubic lice (crabs). A review of the most serious cases described 15 deaths of which two were confirmed related to lindane misuse including a suicidal ingestion. Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Lindane has adverse effects on [1][21] Similarly, no increased cancer risk was noted in a large epidemiologic study of lindane medications involving a 143,594-patient database with up to 21 years of follow up, which concluded that There is still no persuasive evidence from studies of humans that lindane, as ordinarily used clinically, is carcinogenic in humans. [22] Methods for measurement of sediment, surface water, and porewater toxicity in marine environments include the sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) fertilization and embryological development tests and copepod [15] (see also Pharmaceutical Uses) Lindane has not been shown to alter immunocompetence in humans and is not considered to be genotoxic.
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