Instructions for Contributors at Cambridge Journals Online. [citation needed] The Delhi Sultanate captured the islands in 1348, and they were later passed to the Sultanate of Guzerat from 1391. not yet psychologically prepared for this step. It was part of Ashokas empire in the 3rd century bce, and in the 2nd century ce it was known as Heptanesia to Ptolemy, the ancient Egyptian astronomer and geographer of Greek descent. At first, compared with Calcutta (now Kolkata) and Madras (now Chennai), Bombayas it was called by the Britishwas not a great asset to the company but merely helped it keep a toehold on the west coast. such chawls would border a common enclosed space. At the same time, it suggests that historians need to consider Gyan Prakash's view of cities as 'patched-up societies' whose entirety cannot be understood through single, linear models of change. Elphinstone was the The empire's patronage made the islands a centre of Buddhist religion and culture. He implemented Aungier's plans for the fortification of the island, and had walls built from Dongri in the north to Mendham's point in the south. Growth of Mumbai The following is a timeline of the growth of Mumbai 's population over the last four centuries: 1661: 10000 inhabitants [1] 1664: 15000 [1] 1673: 60000 [1] (Fryer) 1675: 60000 1718: 16000 [1] (Cobbe) 1744: 70000 [1] (Niebuhr) (large influx of people during the busy season) [180] In December 1992 January 93, over 1,000 people were killed and the city paralyzed by communal riots between the Hindus and the Muslims caused by the destruction of the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya. [35] The Sultanate's patronage led to the construction of many mosques, prominent being the Haji Ali Dargah in Mahim, built in honour the Muslim saint Haji Ali in 1431. Most often, the mill workers were men whose families stayed back in Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [63] On 21 September 1668, the Royal Charter of 27 March 1668, led to the transfer of Bombay from Charles II to the English East India Company for an annual rent of 10 (equivalent retail price index of 1,226 in 2007) or Indian Rs 1,48,000 today. An author who grew up in Mumbai calls his city an "urban catastrophe." Overall, 15.3 percent of Americans lived in cities in 1850. [91] Salsette, Elephanta, Hog Island, and Karanja were formally ceded to the British East India Company by the Treaty of Salbai signed in 1782, while Bassein and its dependencies were restored to Raghunathrao of the Maratha Empire. Soon it was trading in salt, rice, ivory, cloth, lead and sword blades with many Indian ports as well as with the Arabian cities of Mecca and Basra. By the early 20th century, the U.S. had become the world . Cambridge University Press (www.cambridge.org) is the publishing division of the University of Cambridge, one of the worlds leading research institutions and winner of 81 Nobel Prizes. The three maps show the global history of life expectancy over the last two centuries. agreement with the East India Company. Ahmad Shah I responded with a large army and navy under Jafar Khan leading to the defeat of Ahmad Shah I Wali. Bombay was hardly affected. the rooms were often occupied by several people. During the early 15th century, the Bhandaris seized the island of Mahim from the Sultanate and ruled it for eight years. [55] In 1670, the Parsi businessman Bhimjee Parikh imported the first printing press into Bombay. On being asked to hand over Bombay and Salsette to the English, the Portuguese Governor contended that the island of Bombay alone had been ceded, and alleging irregularity in the patent, he refused to give up even Bombay. The modern city of Bombay took shape in the 19th century. [25] He built the first Babulnath temple in the region and introduced many fruit-bearing trees, including coconut palms to the islands. In 1950 the population of Mumbai was around 3 million. The American Civil War (186165) and the resulting cutoff of cotton supplies to Britain caused a great trade boom in Bombay. 1803. Victorian Gothic From 1956 until 1960 Bombay was the scene of intense Maratha protests against the two-language (Marathi-Gujarati) makeup of Bombay state (of which Bombay remained the capital), a legacy of British imperialism. [55] He established the Marine force,[55] and constructed the St. Thomas Cathedral in 1718, which was the first Anglican Church in Bombay. [181] A series of 13 co-ordinated bomb explosions took place in Bombay on 12 March 1993, which resulted in 257 deaths and 700 injuries. [60], On 19 March 1662, Abraham Shipman was appointed the first Governor and General of the city, and his fleet arrived in Bombay in September and October 1662. Please help by moving some material from it into the body of the article. The city's infrastructure was improved considerably with the construction of new highways and bridges, expansion of port facilities, and the inauguration of new public-transit systems. - Internet Geography Why is Mumbai growing? [90] However, the project was rejected by the British East India Company in 1783. [96] In 1795, the Maratha army defeated the Nizam of Hyderabad. [32] Firishta, a Persian historian, recorded that by 1429 the seat of government of the Gujarat Sultanate in north Konkan had transferred from Thane to Mahim. "Workers' politics and the mill districts in Bombay between the wars. [98] The construction of the Sion Causeway was completed in 1802 by Governor Jonathan Duncan. A crowded town had grown up north of the walled fort and the eastern port [102] The success of the British campaign in the Deccan witnessed the freedom of Bombay from all attacks by native powers. Each of the studies reviewed here devotes considerable attention to developments since the 1920s. Under this agreement, the Indigenous tribals have inhabited Mumbai (Bombay) since the Stone Age. ", Kooiman, Dick. residents moving out of the central fort area. Introduction. Later, Cooke managed to acquire Mahim, Sion, Dharavi, and Wadala for the English. can now only be seen as part of the boundary wall of St. George Hospital, "Jobbers and the emergence of trade unions in Bombay city. The British colonialism in India lasted for about 190 years, beginning in 1757 and ended with India's independence in 1947. [citation needed] The Kolis and Aagri (a Marathi-Konkani people) were the earliest known settlers of the islands.The Maurya Empire gained control of the islands during the 3rd century BCE and transformed them into a centre of Hindu-Buddhist culture and religion. After his death in 1303, he was succeeded by his son Pratapbimba, who built his capital at Marol in Salsette, which he named Pratappur. The line was inaugurated on April 6, 1853. Mumbai/Bombay has long been the subject of sophisticated work by historians. Slums spread across the city and epidemics of plague added to the already high mortality rates. Economic Growth Originally a nation of farmers, fishermen, loggers, and fur traders, the dawn of the 20th century saw a full-scale transformation of Canadian society. Even before the island was joined to Bombay, it was a cantonment [125] The Bombay Natural History Society was founded in 1883. These have been frequently reviewed along with Philip Huang's The Peasant Family and . [67], The educational and economic progress of the city began with the Company's military successes in the Deccan. The Battle of Swally was fought between the British and the Portuguese at Surat in 1612 for the possession of Bombay. [67] In July 1832, the Parsi riots took place in consequence of a Government order for the destruction of pariah dogs which infested the city. [67], In 1838, the islands of Colaba and Little Colaba were connected to Bombay by the Colaba Causeway. The decay of Mughal power in Delhi, the Mughal-Maratha rivalries, and the instability in Gujarat drove artisans and merchants to the islands for refuge, and Bombay began to grow. Modelled after army [189] On 27 January 2003, a bomb placed on a bicycle exploded near the Vile Parle station in Mumbai. The labour force was constituted mainly During the 19th century, religious superstitions and social . 1777 - First newspaper published in Mumbai by Rustom Kersaspjere. was then made Commissioner of the Deccan in 1818. Modern Asian Studies [203][204] The city's Wankhede Stadium was the venue for 2011 Cricket World Cup final, where India emerged as a champion for the second time after the 1983 Cricket World Cup. Historian Paul Moon has looked in depth at the development of Auckland over the 10 decades from 1900, drawing on diaries, newspapers and oral histories of the time. [69] He also planned extensive fortifications in the city from Dongri in the north to Mendham's Point (near present-day Lion Gate) in the south. [80] The arrival of many Indian and British merchants led to the development of Bombay's trade by the end of the seventeenth century. Under new building rules set up in 1748, many houses were demolished and the population was redistributed, partially on newly reclaimed land. The crown ceded it to the East India Company in 1668. [163] In the 1955 Lok Sabha discussions, when Bombay State was being re-organised along linguistic lines into the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. From the late 19th to early 20th centuries . Even British naval power was no match for the Mughals, Marathas, Portuguese, and Dutch, all of whom had interests in the region. [110] The Bombay Gymkhana was formed in 1875. [170] In the late 1960s, Nariman Point and Cuffe Parade were reclaimed and developed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009, pp. . Those protests led to the states partition into the modern states of Gujarat and Maharashtra in 1960, and Bombay was made the capital of Maharashtra that year. [6] Buddhist monks, scholars, and artists created the artwork, inscriptions, and sculpture of the Kanheri Caves in the mid third century BCE[9] and Mahakali Caves. [53] These Christians were referred to by the British as Portuguese Christians, though they were Nestorian Christians who had only recently established ties with the Roman Catholic Church. [49] The St. Andrew Church at Bandra was built in 1575. In the latter part of the 19th century, many cotton spinning and weaving mills also came up in Bombay. By 1920, more Americans lived in cities than in rural areas for the first time in US history. [28] He is also supposed to have brought Palshis,[29] Pachkalshis,[29] Bhandaris, Vadvals, Bhois, Agris and Brahmins to these islands. many islands, a process that was In the 19th century ritain imported cotton from India which was transport-ed to Mumbai port by a railway. He was forced to retire to the island of Anjediva in North Canara and died there in October 1664. East India Company; after the war it reverted to the Crown. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (Prince of Wales Museum), Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST), Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport, Institute of Chemical Technology (formerly UDCT), Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI), Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies (JBIMS), SP Jain Institute of Management and Research, Sydenham Institute of Management Studies, Research and Entrepreneurship Education(SIMSREE), Ramniranjan Anandilal Podar College of Commerce and Economics, V. G. Vaze College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Raja Shivaji Vidyalaya (King George High School), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences (UM-DAE CBS), Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Growth_of_Mumbai&oldid=964047190, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 1951: 2,966,902 (0.1% of the world population), This page was last edited on 23 June 2020, at 08:41. blow up the town during the festival of Diwali. [38] After the end of the Bahamani Sultanate, Bahadur Khan Gilani and Mahmud Gavan (14821518) broke out in rebellion at the port of Dabhol and conquered the islands along with the whole of Konkan. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions Mahim to Sion by a causeway. [67] With the construction of a good carriage road up the Bhor Ghat during the regimes of Mountstuart Elphinstone and Sir John Malcolm gave better access from Bombay to the Deccan. The area of Bombay State increased, after several erstwhile princely states that joined the Indian union were integrated into Bombay State. The next step was the completion of the Sion Causeway in [109] The earliest riots occurred at Mahim in 1850, in consequence of a dispute between two rival factions of Khojas. The plague killed thousands, and many fled the city leading to a drastic fall in the population of the city. It connected Bombay Island to Kurla in Salsette. [90] The British occupied Salsette, Elephanta, Hog Island, and Karanja on 28 December 1774. The Asiatic Society of Bombay (Town Hall) was completed in 1833,[67][104] and the Elphinstone College was built in 1835. [55] By 1710, the construction of Bombay Castle was finished, which fortified the islands from sea attacks by European pirates and the Marathas. a bungalow for himself on Malabar Hill. The police commissioner, Charles Forjett arrested The islands came under the control of the Muslim rulers of Gujarat in 1348, ending the sovereignty of Hindu rulers over the islands. The Treaty of Bassein (1534) between the Portuguese viceroy Nuno da Cunha and Bahadur Shah of Gujarat, placed the islands into Portuguese possession in 1534. [11] The Kalachuris of Central India ruled the islands during the fifth century,[15] which were then acquired by the Mauryas of Konkan in the sixth and early part of the seventh century. This road, which was opened on 10 November 1830, facilitated trade in a large measure. 2 19th century. [4] The present day city was built on what was originally an archipelago of seven islands of Mumbai Island, Parel, Mazagaon, Mahim, Colaba, Worli, and Old Woman's Island (also known as Little Colaba). By that time, though, the hinterland had been opened, and Bombay had become a strong centre of import trade. 1801 - Siddhivinayak temple built at Prabhadevi. exposure of non-Western elites to an intellectual repertoire that facilitated challenges to colonialism. A new development took place with the opening of 1890. [57] The first English merchants arrived in Bombay in November 1583, and travelled through Bassein, Thane, and Chaul. With the rapid increase in the number of mills, The bomb killed 1 and injured 25. By the second decade of the century the population of Greater Mumbai was approaching 20 million. [122] Violent Parsi-Muslim riots again broke out in February 1874, which were caused by an article on Muhammad published by a Parsi resident. Covering South Asia, South-East Asia, China, and Japan, this quarterly journal publishes original research articles concerned with the history, geography, politics, sociology, literature, economics, social anthropology and culture of the area. With the destruction of Maratha power, trade and communications to the mainland were established, existing connections to Europe were extended, and Bombay began to prosper. to accommodate the whole family. Bombay was renamed Mumbai on 6 March 1996. and also in terms of the nationality of the authors. 3 Two books that helped precipitate the reassessment are Thomas Rawski, Economic Growth in Prewar China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), and Loren Brandt, Commercialization and Agricultural Development in Central and Eastern China: 1870s-1930s (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989). was at Kirki in November 1817. It specialises in the longer monographic essay based on archival materials and new field work. From 1857, The islands were joined to the mainland and each other by causeways, and the city's university and major hospitals were founded. Under the British, the city had served as the capital of Bombay Presidency (administrative province), and during the late 19th and early 20th centuries it was a centre of both Indian nationalist and South Asian regional political activity. [120] Tramway communication was instituted in 1873. A The following is a timeline of the growth of Mumbai's population over the last four centuries: Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Importance Of Globalization In Mumbai. First published in 1949 as the Economic Weekly and since 1966 as the Economic and Political Weekly, EPW, as the journal is popularly known, occupies a special place in the intellectual history of independent India. [187], During the 21st century, the city suffered several bombings. removal of the fortifications. The Lord Willingdon Memorial incident of December 1918 saw the handicap of Home Rulers in Bombay. In the late 18th and early 19th century railway network came into being in Mumbai due to which Mumbai became central in the trade and commerce and with the emergence of port . This limit was further extended in February 1957 up to Dahisar along the Western Railway and Mulund on the Central Railway. The built-up area has depicted a positive growth of 14.01% during the period 1965 to 1992, 10.53% during the 1992 to 2010. [147] Bombay was the main centre of the Rowlatt Satyagraha movement started by Mahatma Gandhi from February April 1919. built by the government. 1 Demographic research suggests that at the beginning of the 19 th century no country in the world had a life expectancy longer than 40 years. By 1900, that percentage had increased to 39.7, and kept growing. The decisive battle [168][169], In the early 1960s, the Parsi and Marwaris Migrant communities owned majority of the industry and trade enterprises in the city, while the white-collar jobs were mainly sought by the South Indian migrants to the city. [20] Dantidurga of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty of Karnataka conquered the islands during 749750. By the mid-19th century, industrialization was well-established throughout the western part of Europe and America's northeastern region. In 1803 a fire raged through the Indian part [17] The Elephanta Caves also dates back to the sixth century. revival. War of Independence, in 1857, makes a convenient watershed between these [146] Lord Willingdon convened the Provincial War Conference at Bombay on 10 June 1918, whose objective was to seek the co-operation of the people in the World War I measures which the British Government thought it necessary to take in the Bombay Presidency. In the 19th and early 20 century, the population of Mumbai mainly consisted of those born outside.
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