Copyright 2003 - 2023 - UKEssays is a trading name of Business Bliss Consultants FZE, a company registered in United Arab Emirates. The subject of this speech was that human activity was having a destructive impact on the land, primarily through deforestation and land conversion. This definition suggests that geography aimed to describe the known parts of the inhabited world to write the assessment of the countries of the world [and] to treat the differences between countries.. In conclusion I believe that geography will continue to grow and develop with the discoveries of new modern geographies due to the enormous amount of scientific research that is now able to be undertaken. The voyages also provided an opportunity for scientific investigation and discovery. Models in paleobiology. This field of knowledge is, of course, called history. This led on to the theory of environmental possibilism. Al-Idrisi is best known for his skill at making maps and for his work of descriptive geography Kitab nuzhat al-mushtaq fi ikhtiraq al-afaq or The Pleasure Excursion of One Who Is Eager to Traverse the Regions of the World. Ibn Battutah and Ibn Khaldun are well known for writing about their extensive travels of North Africa and the Middle East. WebThe academic discipline of geography is extremely broad in subject matter and approaches; it contains specialists covering diverse subjects but sharing concerns over places, spaces, and environments. Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.) These associations were the grounding for geography to start to grow and develop as the funded key and essential research. Fieldwork is an effective teaching method in geography is an interactive fun way for people to learn and experience what they are learning at first hand. In 1498 Vasco da Gama made a successful voyage and landed at Calicut on the west coast of India. New York: Kluwer Academic Press; 2000. Considering modern view of geography, the old notion is no longer valid. is considered to be the father of Geography. and Pythagoras had described earth of round shape. Web16. The French geographer Paul Vidal de la Blanche opposed this revolutionary idea. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UKEssays.com. Privacy At last there were specialised areas that focused on one particular area of geography. Some 900 years before Christ, Homer had said that the earth was separated like a wide flat bottom of Odyssey river. This research was particularly relevant because it considered how species' differentiation across geographic space became translated into evolutionary differentiation through time. This mode of investigation asks you to see the world and all that is in it in spatial terms. For example, the study of the enhancement of the Earths greenhouse effect and the resulting global warming requires a multidisciplinary approach for complete understanding. In other words, it is the sociological study of cities and their role in the development of society. Myers and Lieberman (2011) used the GIS to consider the geographic ranges of several fossil marine vertebrate species from the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway, a large, mostly tropical seaway running up through the center of North America (Fig. The quantitative revolution was also associated with a change in the way in which geographers studied the Earth and its phenomena. Geography is a highly diversified discipline that studies the earth and its features and their influence on humans. It proved an inspiration to many geographers, who saw in Darwins idea of natural selection the possibility of a general theory of man-land relationships so man needed to adopt modes of living which were consonant with the environment in which he lived (Graves, 1975). exploration, discovery and conquest through the voyages of Vasco da Gama and This work continued to be a standard geographic reference for about a 100 years. Some of these species would experience such profound range reductions that they would go extinct (the Turnover phase of her hypothesis). Physical geography attempts to determine why natural phenomena have particular spatial patterns and orientation. Another one of Ratzels students, Ellsworth Huntington also applied Ratzels theory of regional geography to the reasoning behind the rise and fall of civilisation. Barrett PH, Gautrey PJ, Herbert S, Kohn D, Smith S. Charles Darwin's notebooks, 18361844. processes that are working in these areas. determinism and possibilism. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. 1985;81:22936. The map, both as graphic language and visual This work is still considered by Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.) The view of the cosmos with Earth at its center is called the geocentric model. Sharks that pass in the night: using GIS to investigate competiton in the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway. Rode AL, Lieberman BS. The Hello-centric Theory that planets and their moons revolve round the sun is now universally accepted. But the word Geography is best described by Bhugol. WebThe theory of evolution is one of the fundamental keystones of modern biological theory. development in the discipline and several laws were established to explain Wagner M. The Darwinian theory and the law of the migration of organisms. WebGeography differs from the discipline of geology because geology focuses mainly on the physical Earth and the processes that formed and continue to shape it. Despite being one of the oldest disciplines, in todays society, geography struggles to define itself as an academic subject. showed the importance of geographic factors in the composition of a state. Eldredge N, Gould SJ. understand the processes that were becoming more diversified and complicated. It was at this point that questions were raised about the importance of geography and whether it answers the whys? and hows?. 2010;296:2843. 3. Evolution, species and fossils: how does life evolve? spatial nature of human and physical features of the Earth. Most of these studies used descriptive field methods to test research questions. The subject started gaining popularity again and Universities began to recognise the value of geographic study and training this provided more classes and degree opportunities. In this age growth of knowledge had come to a standstill. The theory of Environmental Determinism the view that the physical environment sets limits on human environment was being questioned due to claims of its lack in the intellectual relevance and faults in its descriptions of certain locations. Some of the dominant themes in these studies include environmental degradation of the hydrosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere; resource use issues; natural hazards; environmental impact assessment; and the effect of urbanization and land-use change on natural environments. Christopher Columbus. Myers and Lieberman (2011) specifically focused on whether there was any evidence for competitive replacement: a phenomenon where one species appears within another species' geographic range, its range expands, and it slowly and gradually drives the other species to extinction. Geographers also try to look for connections between things such as patterns, movement and migration, trends, and so forth. It looks at their evolutionary history and things like past climate 1980;76:6184. Mostly vegetables, replace the cereals crops. More than 2 million existing species of organisms have been named and described; many more remain to be discoveredfrom 10 million to 30 million, according to some estimates. ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In 3rd century B.C. WebGeography transformed from a discipline centered on navigation to a pathway for imperial exploration, and then to a discipline of imperial science. This method can be simplified as the geographic inquiry process. By the beginning of twentieth century there was growth of geographic knowledge in the form of man-environment relationships. 2006;33:205160. Today, we refer to this style of speciation as geographic or allopatric speciation. The Geography of Evolution and the Evolution of Geography, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12052-012-0414-1, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0. Eldredge N. A question of individuality: Charles Darwin, George Gaylord Simpson and transitional fossils. GIS provides an excellent means to consider how the geographic ranges of species interact with one another through time. Arab travellers and traders have given a descriptive account of their travels to many countries of the world. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License ( These forces principally involve episodes of geologic and climatic change. Ptolemys publication Geographike hyphegesis or Guide to Geography compiled and summarize much of the Greek and Roman geographic information accumulated at that time. Truth in science is a difficult concept, and this is because science is falsifiable, which means an initial explanation (hypothesis) is testable and able to be proven false. Darwin came to learn of more examples on the Galapagos Islands including mockingbirds and also tortoises. Paleobiology. Chapter 11 Economic Geography: Industry, R. Adam Dastrup; David Dorrell;Joseph Henderson; Todd Lindley;; and Georgeta Connor, 13. For as long as people have been on the planet, humans have had to live within Earths boundaries. Jordan DS. One of Ratzels students Ellen Semple studied under Ratzel and was heavily influenced by his ideas, publishing Influences of Geographic Environment in 1911. Finally, scientists design and conduct experiments based on their hypotheses. Also, geography in academic institutions straddled the arts and the sciences. This made it hard for geography to have a true factual definition. Notable among these are travelogues of Macropolo of Venice and Arab traveller Ibn Batuta. The MMOI in particular progressed faster and to a much greater extent in the hard sciences than in the social sciences, and within the social Geographic knowledge saw strong growth in Europe and the United States in the 1800s. The use of fieldwork started to be used in schools in the 1950s, as a key method of teaching. These ranges change through time but do not show a statistical association with one another and instead appear to be associated with changes in the environment, from Myers and Lieberman (2011), used with permission. Ann Mo Bot Gard. 2. Goldstein, B. R. Copernicus and the origin of his heliocentric system. What makes geography different from other disciplines is its focus on spatial inquiry and analysis. This speech also became the foundation for his book Man and Nature or The Earth as Modified by Human Action, first published in 1864. While gaining altitude you may even notice changing varieties or species of trees. During the Renaissance (1400 to 1600 AD) numerous journeys of geographical exploration were commissioned by a variety of nation-states in Europe. In 1521 Magellan and his companions sailed round the world and finally proved that the earth is round. However, it was not until the 19th century that geography emerged as a distinct academic discipline with the work of scholars such as Alexander von Humboldt, Carl Ritter, and William Morris Davis. The Renaissance, following the Medieval period between the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries, was a great awakening of artistic and scientific thought and expression in Europe. Today geography is considered a fast developing science. The early Greeks were the first civilization to practice a form of geography that was more than just map-making or cartography. of geography. During the journey in the mountainous regions, you may come across terraced fields with distinctive crops growing in them. Humboldt (1769-1859) provided scientific base to geography. Darwin (1859), Dawkins (1976), and many others have argued that competition is a significant evolutionary force, yet evidence from the fossil record has always been limited (Gould and Calloway 1980; Benton 1996). 1999;285:12657. 1. such as Vidal de la Blache saw the environment as a limiting factor rather than New technical developments, including in the area of Geographic Information Systems, allow continued detailed testing of the relative roles that biotic as opposed to abiotic factors play in causing evolution, and some of the work in this area will also be described. S Afr J Sci. WebThe study of Geography as a discipline 2 Nature of Geography as a discipline z understand man-environment relationships and their impacts on each other; z illustrate the systematic and regional approaches of Geography; z understand various analytical techniques in Geography; z identify the different branches of Geography and its The Greek astronomer Claudius Ptolemy, in the second century, using an Aristotelian approach and mathematics, observed the Sun, Moon, and stars moving across the sky and deductively reasoned that Earth must be at the center of the universe with the celestial bodies circling Earth. California Privacy Statement, During the journey while looking at changing scenery, natural features, vegetation, crops, dress of the people design of the houses etc., you constantly increase your fund of geographic knowledge. PLoS One. Knowing where something is, how its location influences its characteristics, and how its location influences relationships with other phenomena are the foundation of geographic thinking. The nineteenth century witnessed emergence of geography as a discipline. Geography. Holistic synthesis connects knowledge from a variety of academic fields in both human and physical geography. such as Israel, humans have overcome the constraints set by the natural Prominent advances aiding progress in the field of biogeography since Darwin's day include a deeper understanding of speciation, discoveries in the area of paleontology and macroevolutionary theory, and the development of new methods for analyzing biogeographic data including phylogenetic approaches and approaches using GIS. Darwin C. On the origin of species. Instead, in the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway, it was changes in the physical environment that appear to be the primary factors controlling changes in geographic distribution through time, and also the primary factors that cause species to become extinct (Fig. Both are important in science. The primary purpose of these early investigations was to map features and places observed as explorers traveled to new lands. The fields of climatology and meteorology are required to understand the physical effects of adding additional greenhouse gases to the atmospheres radiation balance. Geography is unique in that it is not artificial. It brought to light new determinism models and mathematical equations to answer hypotheses that could be used in teaching, and helped to define geography, making it able to answer the more logical questions and respond in more depth. Some of his other notable contributions include the creation of three different methods for projecting the Earths surface on a map, the calculation of coordinate locations for some eight thousand places on the Earth, and development of the concepts of geographical latitude and longitude. GEOGRAPHY AS A DISCIPLINE3 Put together , they mean description of the earth. The earth has always been seen as the abode of human beings and thus, scholars defined geography as, the description of the earth as the abode of human beings. In this publication, Marsh warned of the ecological consequences of the continued development of the American frontier. It was a turning point, and geography started to grasp attention once again. Let us throw some more light on this issue. Important explorers of this period include Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama, Ferdinand Magellan, Jacques Cartier, Sir Martin Frobisher, Sir Francis Drake, John and Sebastian Cabot, and John Davis. If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help! The discipline of geography became more distinct as a subject Article In the Medieval period Arabs made great advances in geography. Over the past few decades, geography has had to forge its way to stand as a fundamental scientific subject. The journey to better understanding Earth begins here with an exploration of how scientists learn about the natural world, along with understanding the science of geography. Proponents of environmental deterministic She specifically focused on Neogene tropical mammal species that during times of warmth might have broad geographic ranges. Paleobiology. geographical phenomena. The intellectual revolution opened new perspective in society. Of course, the dynamics of the MOIs vary by discipline. This style of speciation is especially significant to evolutionary theory because if speciation is primarily allopatric, then the forces that produce geographic barriers play a big role in causing evolution. Occurrence records for some Late Cretaceous marine vertebrates, a shark (light gray) and a mosasaur (dark gray), shown on a map of the modern world (a) and the Cretaceous world (b), from Myers and Lieberman (2011), used with permission, Range reconstructions for marine vertebrate species from the Late Cretaceous showing how species distributions typically change through time. Abu Zafar Muhammad bin Musa has also written a book on geography based on the ideals of Ptolemy. This helps us in expanding our realm of thought our thinking, perception and reasoning further expand our capacity to absorb knowledge, thus helping to make us better citizens. Then he described these in sentences. Greek philosophers and scientist were also interested in learning about spatial nature of human and physical features found on the Earth. Humboldts publication Kosmos in 1844, examines the WebThe field of biogeography is concerned with the distribution of species in relation both to geography and to other species. In the 1950s there was a new Speciation. reprintth ed. Exploring lifes diversity and geographys effect on it was central to Darwin and Wallaces parallel discoveries of evolution. Nature. Aristotle was a student of Plato and a tutor to Alexander the Great, who would conquer the Persian Empire as far as India, spreading Greek culture in the process. Wiley EO, Mayden RL. Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) Chapter 13 Global Environmental Issues and Sustainable Development. Researchers now began investigating process rather than a mere description of the event of interest. By the 1950s environmental determinism was virtually history and environmental possibilism had now taken over as central theory. Phylogeny, ecology, and behavior. London: E. Stanford; 1873 (translated from the 1868 German version published by Duncker and Humblot, Leipzig). New York: Columbia University Press; 1944. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12052-012-0414-1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12052-012-0414-1. In this literature there appears some semblance of cultural and human geography too. most academics in the United States considered geography a marginal discipline (Jill Freund Thomas) In May 1993, Roger Down worked towards making research in geography education to be an integral part of work. In particular, during Darwin's voyage aboard HMS Beagle, he recognized the existence of closely similar species separated by geographic barriers. The subject of geography can be traced back to hundreds or even thousands of years ago. Key points: Evidence for This online textbook will focus primarily on the Earth Science Tradition. However, disappointingly the focus on fieldwork started to weaken as it is not promoted in educational institutions because of factors such as time to cover comprehensive curricula, financial constraints, legal issues and commitment by educators. Factors such as these had the effect that the inclusion of fieldwork declined in some schools; however, with the help of funding fieldwork is still a very important and prominent part of teaching geography whenever possible. Inductive reasoning relies on evidence to infer a conclusion and does not have the perceived certainty of deductive reasoning. Homer (900 B.C.) Therefore, it was sometimes also known as Gazetteer Geography. But the subject matter of geography has been made very extensive for the purpose of studies. Some of the first genuinely geographical studies occurred more than four thousand years ago. Geography is alive, and something that is relevant and we use in our daily lives. Chapter 2 Techniques of Geographic Analysis, 3.
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