Will Puerto Rican cartels, enriched with the hundreds of millions they have accumulated from their mid-1990s trans-shipment operations, rise up and challenge Mexico for the control of the American markets? At the 11th hour however, Mexico capitulated. They have historically demonstrated a remarkable ability to adapt, just as the American syndicates demonstrated in the post-Prohibition era, and unfortunately appear to have a bright future. Christian Science Monitor, "Holes open in US drug-fighting net," 7/28/99, internet. Organized transnational crime possess a political as well as a socio-economic threat to Mexico, and to the entire world. The Mexican cartels control perhaps 80 percent of the American meth trade, and appear to now be expanding operations into Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. President Fox has continued to seek American cooperation/assistance in the drug wars, but sensing its lowered priority in the Ameican political agenda, he has turned his attention southward and called for a unified Latin American effort to deal with the trafficking. How will the cartels respond to the two party/multiple party system, if indeed this arrangement continues to establish itself on the Mexican political terrain. arrest and long-term incarceration of three key Chicago-based members of the AFP, "Two Mexican drug cartels merge, eye southern U.S. market," 2/16/98, internet. Mayor Enrquez Herrera had apparently forgotten that Alma Reyes Guerra, the mayor of San Dimas, had just recently, watched her father be kidnapped and killed by cartel hitmen, A number of other government officials have been investigated for their ties to El G1. ALL in Carreras town are in it since the 50's. Hammer, Joshua and Michael Isikoff, "The narco-guerrilla war," Newsweek, August 9, 1999, p. 42. The next President of Mexico was to be Ernesto Zedillo. Most of the coca crop is grown in Peru and Bolivia and then taken to Colombia to be turned into the final product, cocaine. The late September 1999 arrest by U.S. officials of 93 persons associated with this cartel, as well as the seizure of $25 million in cash and assets and the loss of 12.5 tons of cocaine and 2.1 tons of marijuana will surely set this cartel back. in the 90's in the United States and after obtaining bail fled the country, As he was readying to enter office, the drug kingpins became legitimately worried that things would not be business as usual, and pulled their money out of the Mexican economy. What is clear is that the Mexican military are heavily involved in the transportation of marijuana and that they will use force to protect their business. alias' JT 'and Alfredo Beltran Leyva alias' 'Mochomo'. STOPPING THEM The Clinton administration formally classified the Mexican cartels as a major target for federal law enforcement, (even though they have diverted resources to Colombia of late), and focused significant efforts on "stopping them." Excelsior became one of the primary tools used by PRI officials over the years to maintain their power. Only recently has there been even a crack in PRI dominance. As long as the party-state arrangement continues, there will be little hope of any serious law enforcement attention given to the cartels; token efforts to please American certification requirements, yes, but no serious efforts of consequence, and public murders of this nature as well as other inappropriate behaviors, will continue to occur. pounds of heroin, 13 pounds of cocaine, 47 properties, and $300,000. Institutions of public order are not effective unless they reinforce the dominant social view; they are viable only if they function as a supplement to social and cultural forces moving in the same direction. There is no clamor in Mexico to stop the cartels. The evidence seems to indicate that bribes were offered in exchange for the military leaders turning a blind eye to the drug operations (UPI, 3/26/98). With access to these vast sums of money, the Mexican government had no problem in meeting its international financial obligations. AFP, "Mexican president calls for a 'national crusade' against corruption," 12/4/97, internet. 2. Perhaps the best known Mexican newspaper, Excelsior, long sold itself to the government in exchange for price supports, massive tax breaks, and outright payments from governments leaders. In an historical context, that move is now generally viewed as having been successful. the "Durango drive-shaft," a sleeve-like device that surrounded the Associated Press, "Mexico bank aid costs exceed plans," 8/31/99, internet. No doubt that CDS and CJNG are the most powerful syndicates in the world. Word in Durango is that G-1 fucked up and that why he was handed over. Disfrutamos de una coleadera en Los Herreras, Durango. Reuters, "737 Mexican cops fired in cleanup of crooked force," 8/16/96, internet. Carrillo Fuentes continued to work on gaining even more power. It should be pointed out that there is more to this game than may meet the eye. Reuters, "Texas auto thieves team up with Mexico drug cartel," 1/6/98, internet. On July 23, 1985, as a Recent reports out of Colombia suggest a plan to re-establish control of the supply lines and to subsequently divide the supply of drugs between Mexico and Puerto Rico, thus forcing the Puerto Rican and Mexican cartels to compete with each other in a classic divide and conquer scheme, leaving the Colombians in a position of dominance. It is in the process of integrating itself into the socio-economic political fabric of both developing and developed nations, is becoming a major force in international finance, and is destined to dominate until the collective political will of "we, the people" is galvanized in opposition. Under this agreement, the United States government is also sharing sensitive intelligence with Mexico. THE NEW MARKETS The Mexican drug cartels gained their power by monopolizing the lucrative cocaine trade, but cocaine use in the United States has began to slide in the late 1990s, from 6 million users in the mid-1990s to an estimated 1.7 million in 1998 (Reuters, 3/19/98). Two left-wing terrorist groups, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the National Liberation Army (ELN), have picked up the drug trade gavel dropped by the Colombian cartels, and are now running the show. For a period of time, the Colombians supplied the bulk of the drugs to the Mexicans, who then trans-shipped those products primarily into the United States. 'Ice', is priced at the start of production of $ 10 000 per kilogram and its They seem to be almost lying low. AFP, "Top Mexican official, business clan in drug trade: reports," 6/2/99, internet. Drug enforcement is not a central concern of the Mexican people, and as long as the cartels resist the temptation to market drugs to their own people, there will be no populous movement to rid the country of the cartels due to the simple fact that they are such a valuable economic asset to the nation. 10. AFP, "Torture and disappearance routine in Mexico, Australian court told," 9/3/99, internet. He has openly challenging the policies of the International Monetary Fund (no doubt due to the fact that Mexico, with its August 2000 payment of $3 billion, currently has no outstanding financial obligations to the IMF), and is championing the development of a Latin American union built along the same model as the European Union. Toluco needs to tighten up his own use lol. Armando corral (head of Herrera clan and brother of poncho. AFP, "Mexican judge slashes jail sentence of brother of ex-president," 7/16/99, internet. AFP, "Son of Puerto Rico's top cop among accused drug traffickers," 8/26/99, internet. UPI, "Accused drug kingpin added to list," 9/23/97, internet. INSTITUTIONALIZED CORRUPTION A report published by the United States General Accounting Office stated that one of the major problems in the drug wars is the endemic, institutionalized corruption within the Mexican law enforcement and military community (U.S. General Accounting Office, 1996). This information included the identities of undercover agents and every bit of information about the United States-Mexican intelligence unit used to track major cartel persons. When they are offered an entire years' wages to turn a blind eye, or take a shot of "lead in the head," the money is taken very readily and gladly. 14-16. What part will the Mexican cartels play in the new Fox government? To be victorious, we need to learn all we can about the enemy. AFP, "Mexico's ruling party to adopt more open system for picking candidate," 5/17/99, internet. Scaramella, Gene L. "Cooperative efforts between criminal organizations," Crime and Justice International, November 1997, pp. The group has expanded rapidly across Mexico and is now one of the country's most dominant . In the 10 years subsequent to Madero's death, 11 different men served as president. There will certainly not be any abrupt divorce decree nor a sudden wholesale embrace of grassroots democracy. Despite the public proclamations of mutual support and cooperation, the United States seems generally prepared to continue its model of unilateral interdiction. The Clinton Administration was initially in opposition to the bill, but now seem to be working with Congressional leaders in an attempt to pass some type of anti-money laundering measure of this nature (AFP, 9/27/99). While marijuana is still the most popular drug in Mexico, cocaine is no longer far behind, and is now reaching new populations, such as the children and the poor. Population Population pyramid The nation encompasses 756,000 square miles and has a population of nearly 100,000,000. They currently represent a legitimate threat to the sovereignty of the Colombian government. There are few legitimate internal checks and balances to Mexican presidential power at present. They continued being listed as DEA fugitives based The military has used these unique abilities to their advantage, and have largely stayed out of the cocaine and heroin business, though they do provide security for clandestine airstrips operated by cocaine and heroin traffickers. There is new evidence that the Mexican cartels are also beginning to do business with the Chinese Triads and are now smuggling illegal Chinese immigrants into the western hemisphere (AFP, 2/27/98; AFP, 8/31/99)/(15). On the one hand, a number of economic indicators are solid. At present, Mexican residents in the border zone are legally permitted to own American manufactured vehicles that are no less than five years old. (13) Recent events have shaken the relationship between the U.S. and Mexico however. The human trafficking business is becoming increasingly dangerous and violent, particularly along the southern California border near San Diego. The town of Los Herrera is located at 15.6 kilometers from Santiago Papasquiaro, which is the most populated locality in the municipality, in the Southwest direction. The Juarez Cartel, run by the then extremely powerful Carrillo Fuentes, became even stronger after Gulf Cartel leader, Garcia-Abrego, was arrested in January of 1996. and Gary, Indiana, arrested 120 traffickers (of the 132 indicted) connected to opium poppy plants, processed and packaged heroin in Mexico, and transported it Adding to the problem of rank-and-file officer corruption is an internalized and institutionalized mode of corruption within the police ranks. controlled the entire heroin process from top to bottom. Existing international extradition treaties need to be re-written to reflect the dynamics of the contemporary political realities. 500 federal, state, and local law enforcement officers in Chicago, Illinois, Carlos's reception was not one of a revered former president but rather gave new fuel to old fires of anger, hate, and mistrust. in New York seized 85 pounds of cocaine that had been concealed in 4,500 pounds Possession of American currency has national security implications in Colombia - if you have lots of American cash it is surely drug money, and you may be working with our enemies - FARC and/or the ELN. Western Union records. This meant that the Mexican cartels now had almost complete control of the cocaine trade in the United States, the largest cocaine market in the world. We do not want criminal organizations to understand precisely how we are organizing or what our manpower will be." 7. Prominent Mexican news mogul Armando Sepulveda, has said that the media now enjoys "freedom of expression, but the press still does not know how to use it"(Associated Press, 10/31/00). Shaffer, Edward, "Mexico's internal state conflict over the war on drugs," Criminal Organizations, Summer 1996, pp. The accusations presage the tough fight between the Zetas and Sinaloa in Durango. Zacatecas state is a leading source of migrants to the United States with seven percent of its 1.3 million people north of the border at any one time and $240 million a year in remittances coming home. Standard and Poor's very public higher estimate and the presence of an opposition political party capable of effectively communicating those higher (and certainly more accurate) figures to the body politic simply forced the Mexican government to revise its figures. But he has not limited his focus to the northern border alone. Though tantalizing and the topic of much discussion, the body politic remains relatively unmoved by these pieces of investigative reporting and view the cartel benefits worth the costs. Additionally, two other candidate hopefuls pulled out of the preliminaries as soon as Labastida announced his candidacy. 4. Outgunned by the military personnel, the U.S. officers had to retreat. He developed a grand master plan and began to put it into effect: 1. This group formed as a response to the Colombian government's inability to successfully deal with the left-wing entities. The Mexican people, as well as the Mexican government, corporate and civic institutions all operate with a deeply imbedded paternalistic-aristocratic political culture that pre-dates the Spanish. They stayed with the lower figure in light of stiff complaints from the increasingly visible political opposition that the bailout was an attempt on the part of the government to protect rich bankers at the expense of Mexico's primarily poor taxpayers. Sinaloa control west of the Sierra to tepehuanes. As of this writing, the cartels are moving with great success, perhaps too much success, for the street level law enforcement community reports that drug supplies are up, purity is up, and prices are down. (Zarembo, 2000, p. 36). AFP, "U.S. Reuters, "Late Mexican drug-lord's bank accounts frozen," 9/13/97, internet. He is accused of embezzling in excess of $700 million (AFP, 9/9/99). They are enmeshed in the local socio-economic, political scene, and the family basically controls the state. While this type of corruption is not directly tied to the drug trade per se, it establishes a pattern and practice of corruption within the ranks that is easily mined by drug cartel personnel, who have vast amounts of bribery funds at their disposal. This criminal cell - they accuse - was led by Edgar Herrera Pardo, known as El Caimn, and operated mainly in Tijuana and Tecate. of chocolate bars. Only crap, Buela I read the story of Jaime Herrera-Nevares back in 2000, is this guy related to them? American aid has poured into that beleaguered nation to the tune of $250 million this year, ranking it third behind Egypt and Israel. Many have continued to move in that fashion, but the Colombians have now returned as the Mexican cartel's primary supplier of heroin and cocaine. While there is no hard data, the generally accepted figure is that Mexico sees $40 billion a year from the drug trade (though it does not all come from the United States). it isn't hard to make meth. Associated Press, "Fox talks economics in Europe tour," 10/2/00, internet. "When I came here, I realized the key to success in this job would be working with Juarez," said El Paso Police Chief Leach (Larmer, 1997). In the past, the infamous "dedazo" or Mexican finger, was the method used by the PRI party to select its presidential candidates. It appears as if he may have been tied with Raul Salinas and Ruiz Massieu (former Deputy Attorney General) in facilitating the flow of drugs and cash into and out of the country (AFP, 3/28/98). The family has in essence established a vertical monopoly in the areas of production and distribution. 3. The economy was growing. If you want to know more about how Post Codes are determined in Mexico, the first two postal digits of Los Herrera ("34") correspond to the state code of Durango, and the last three correspond to the people themselves. Population coming from outside the State of Durango: Percentage speaking an indigenous language: Percentage who speak an indigenous language and do not speak Spanish: Employed population over 12 years (women): Dwellings with toilet or sanitary facilities: Households with personal computer, laptop or tablet. Nope just a typical Federal Government clean up to gain points for upcoming elections . 7. Peniche was quoted as saying, "Donations of this kind were normal in MexicoIt was part of the system between businessman and politicians. Cleansing the military of its drug trafficking culture will surely be a profoundly difficult undertaking. Atrocities went un-reported, as did unfavorable economic news. its "Heroin Highway," a drug trafficking network that stretched from An independent press serves as a legitimate check on the government, informs the populous, and is crucial in the development and maintenance of a viable democracy. Associated Press, "Zedillo faces cat calls during talk," 9/1/99, internet. Its charge is not so much to stop the illegal immigrants, but to protect them and inform them of the dangers. Associated Press, "Former Mexican prosector indicted," 8/27/99, internet. U.S. Foreign Relations Committee and several Congressional appropriation subcommittees. The primary function of the Central Committee is to prepare nominations for all important "elected" government positions. AFP, "Bounty placed on heads of Tijuana cartel bosses," 12/7/97. This group may have joined forces with the Federation to expand networks and marketing capabilities. Tavia's purge of the police force never took place (Reding, 1995). Christian Science Monitor, "Drugs surge from Mexico as U.S. hunts for solution," 2/29/96, p. 1, 10. 6. This group was extremely difficult to penetrate because family members Data: In Los Herrera, 32% of individuals have completed secondary education and 16% of households have a personal computer, laptop or tablet. On the negative side of the anti-drug law enforcement efforts, the transfer of ownership of the Panama Canal emerges as a practical obstacle to American drug interdiction activities. 1999. In the 1980s the Colombian drug cartels rose to power, and they needed a way to bring cocaine into the American market.
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