The film follows Catherine de' Medici (Josephine Crowell) plotting the massacre, coercing her son King Charles IX (Frank Bennett) to sanction it. A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in Frances sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. Like Coligny, most potential candidates for elimination were accompanied by groups of gentlemen who served as staff and bodyguards, so murdering them would also have involved killing their retainers as a necessity. Traditionally believed to have been instigated by Queen Catherine de' Medici, the mother of King Charles IX,[2] the massacre started a few days after the marriage on 18 August of the king's sister Margaret to the Protestant King Henry III of Navarre. [11], In the years preceding the massacre, Huguenot political rhetoric had for the first time taken a tone against not just the policies of a particular monarch of France, but monarchy in general. The murder of thousands of French Protestants by Catholics in August 1572 influenced not only the subsequent course of Frances civil wars and state building, but also patterns of international alliance and long-standing cultural values across Europe. To explain the massacre, Charles, assuming responsibility for it, claimed that there had been a Huguenot plot against the crown. [101] Millais was inspired to create the painting after seeing Meyerbeer's Les Huguenots. "[28] A jubilee celebration, including a procession, was then held, while the killings continued in parts of the city. The Venetian Senate, Letter to the Venetian Ambassadors in France, 1572 . Catherine de' Medici: according to tradition, the Queen Mother had been worried that the king was increasingly becoming dominated by Coligny. Painting of the Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre in Paris / Franois Dubois -- 20. The news of the massacre was welcomed by Philip II of Spain, and Pope Gregory XIII had a medal struck to celebrate the event. Those who remained became increasingly radicalized. [83][pageneeded], Traditional histories have tended to focus more on the roles of the political notables whose machinations began the massacre than the mindset of those who actually did the killing. Cavalli, the Venetian Ambassador, maintained in his report that the king held out for an hour and a half, finally yielding because of Catherine's threat to leave France and the fear that his brother, the Duke of Anjou, might be named captain-general of the Catholics. Historian Jrmie Foa offers a very unique view of the 1572 massacres in his work entitled Tous ceux qui tombent: visages du massacre de la Saint-Barthlemy [All that fall: faces of the St. Bartholomew's day massacre]. Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Prior to certifying the Managing Accounting Billing Statement for contract payments by Governmentwide Commercial Purchase Card, the Approving/ Billing Official must do what two things? He wrote a strongly anti-Catholic and anti-French play based on the events entitled The Massacre at Paris. Component procedures may authorize DoD Governmentwide Commercial Purchase Card Ordering Officers to make purchases up to the simplified acquisition threshold in which three of the following cases? On August 20, he left the capital and retired to Chantilly. The Huguenot political movement was crippled by the loss of many of its prominent aristocratic leaders, and many rank-and-file members subsequently converted. 30. Anjou's supposed account was the source of the quotation attributed to Charles IX: "Well then, so be it! Encouraged by Catholic preachers, they were horrified at the marriage of a princess of France to a Protestant. The terrified Huguenot nobles in the building initially put up a fight, hoping to save the life of their leader,[23] but Coligny himself seemed unperturbed. [31] In most of them, the killings swiftly followed the arrival of the news of the Paris massacre, but in some places there was a delay of more than a month. Drypoint Screenprinting Intaglio Lithography Question 2 Which of the following fabrics is NOT a good option, Which three of the following statements about convenience checks are true? Estimates of the number that perished in the massacres have varied from 2,000 by a Roman Catholic apologist to 70,000 by the contemporary Huguenot Maximilien de Bthune, who himself barely escaped death. Report to the Venetian senate on the wounding of the admiral / Giovanni Michiel (1572) -- 17. Donnelly, 66, served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 2007 to 2013, representing Indiana's 2nd Congressional District, and was a U.S. senator from 2013 to 2019. Catherine de Medici, the mother of Charles, feared Admiral Colignys growing influence over her son. A 1440 tax survey of aliens indicates they made up 2%. The man, true to his beliefs, gently refuses her. [21] Other historians are reluctant to speculate on the composition or size of the group of leaders targeted at this point, beyond the few obvious heads. Admiral de Coligny was the most respected Huguenot leader and enjoyed a close relationship with the king, although he was distrusted by the king's mother. Kill them! An attempt was made on Coligny's life a few days later on August 22[18] as he made his way back to his house from the Louvre. [8] The rise in food prices and the luxury displayed on the occasion of the royal wedding increased tensions among the common people. Ignatius of Loyola, from The Spiritual Exercises Some cities unaffected by the violence nevertheless witnessed a sharp decline in their Huguenot population. One of the first victims was Coligny, who was killed under the supervision of Henry de Guise himself. By focusing on describing the political and religious context for the massacre at the beginning, the author demonstrates the severity of the event. from Vassar College and did his graduate training at the Universitt Tubingen and Indiana University, where he specialized in the social and political history of nineteenth-century Europe. This play was translated into English, with some adaptations, as The Massacre by the actress and playwright Elizabeth Inchbald in 1792. She, supposed his words had different meanings that alluded to his plan to stir up new storms and. The would-be assassin, most likely Charles de Louviers, Lord of Maurevert[17](c. 15051583), escaped in the ensuing confusion. Roberts, Yvonne. [51], Pope Gregory XIII also commissioned the artist Giorgio Vasari to paint three frescos in the Sala Regia depicting the wounding of Coligny, his death, and Charles IX before Parliament, matching those commemorating the defeat of the Turks at the Battle of Lepanto (1571). [96], One historian puts forward an analysis of the massacre in terms of social anthropology the religious historian Bruce Lincoln. Henry VIII (king of England, 1509-1547) The king's Swiss mercenaries were given the task of killing a list of leading Protestants. History 104 / January 16, 2013 Lincoln, chapter 6, pp. [88] In the previous ten years there had already been three outbreaks of civil war, and attempts by Protestant nobles to seize power in France. The following other wikis use this file: Usage on af.wikipedia.org Bartolomeusnag; Catharina de' Medici; Usage on ar.wikipedia.org The Venetian Senate, Letter to the Venetian Ambassadors in France, 1572 . Corrections? On the contrary, our common love for Christ impels us to seek tirelessly the path of full unity."[98]. [10], The court itself was extremely divided. Elizabeth restores the Church of England (1558- ) ), p. 95, citing Benedict (2004), pp. But kill them all! [73] It also gave added impetus to the strong anti-Italian feelings already present in Huguenot polemic. [27] According to some interpretations, the survival of these Huguenots was a key point in Catherine's overall scheme, to prevent the House of Guise from becoming too powerful. [55] On the other hand, the Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian II, King Charles's father-in-law, was sickened, describing the massacre as a "shameful bloodbath". Please enable JavaScript on your browser. He was shot from an upstairs window, and seriously wounded. [citation needed] Elizabeth I of England's ambassador to France at that time, Sir Francis Walsingham, barely escaped with his life. Louis governed the Principality of Orange around Avignon in southern France for his brother William the Silent, who was leading the Dutch Revolt against the Spanish. The Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913 was still ready to endorse a version of this view, describing the massacres as "an entirely political act committed in the name of the immoral principles of Machiavellianism" and blaming "the pagan theories of a certain raison d'tat according to which the end justified the means". View western civ 14&15.docx from SOC MISC at North Carolina Wesleyan College. The Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre : a brief history with documents, A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in France's sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. Requiring Body counts relating to other payments are computed from this. The book begins with an introduction that explores the political and religious context for the massacre and traces the course of the massacre and its aftermath. 7879; Calvin's book was "Praelectiones in librum prophetiarum Danielis", Geneva and, Garrisson, pp. [87], Historians cite the extreme tension and bitterness that led to the powder-keg atmosphere of Paris in August 1572. Neither faith had a monopoly on cruelty and misguided fervour". Three of her sons were kings of France . See also: Pearl, Jonathan L. (1998), Holt (2005 ed. It all started when Margret of Valois (the kings sister) and Henry of Navarre (a protestant) decided to get married. The Catholic Reformation Leonard Sachs appeared as Admiral Coligny and Joan Young played Catherine de' Medici. [13] Thus, the massacre "marked the beginning of a new form of French Protestantism: one that was openly at war with the crown. He stresses that the city was on the verge of revolt. To which is added, the Description of a New Blazing World 567, Ren Descartes From Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy 575, Isaac Newton From Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy 579, Illustration from Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium (1705) 581, John Locke From An Essay Concerning Human Understanding 583, A rich, relevant collection of primary sources at an exceptional value, James Brophy is the Francis H. Squire Professor of History specializing in modern European history at the University of Delaware. Protestant Resistance Theory: The Wake-Up Call for the French and their Neighbors, 1574 . [89] Some blame the complete esteem with which the sovereign's office was held, justified by prominent French Roman Catholic theologians, and that the special powers of French Kings "were accompanied by explicit responsibilities, the foremost of which was combating heresy".
Gavin Wanganeen Sister,
Sarah Jones Bridge And Tunnel Script,
Similarities And Differences Between Football And Flag Football,
Adonis Bars Sainsbury's,
Articles A